Self-study
In order to cut costs and thereby maximize his profit, Mr. ████ ████ ████████ █████████ ██ ████████████ ███ ████████ ███████ █████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ███████ █████ ███ ███ ██ ██ ███ ████ ██ ██ ███████████ ███ █████████████ ████████ ██ ████ ████ ████████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ █████
Summary
The author concludes that it was wrong for Kapp to use inferior materials in making the library. Why? Because Kapp must have realized that using inferior materials would put people at serious risk.
Missing Connection
What allows us to conclude that an action is wrong? We have no premise that establishes an action is wrong. So, at a minimum, we the correct answer must tell us what makes an action wrong.
To go further, we can anticipate a more specific connection. We want to connect what the premise tells us about Kapp’s action to being wrong. So we want to learn that if someone knows their action puts people at serious risk, then it’s wrong for that person to do the action.
18.
The argument's conclusion is properly █████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ████████
a
Any knowledgeable and ███████████ ███████ █████ ███████ ████ █████ ███ ████████ ████████████ █████████ ████ ███ ████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ █████
(A) doesn’t establish what makes an action wrong. Since neither this answer nor the premise tells us what makes an action wrong, (A) cannot make the argument valid.
b
An action can ██ █████ ████ █ █████ ██████████ ███████ ███████████ █████ ████████
(B) asserts that an action can be wrong without being illegal. But it doesn’t establish what conditions are sufficient to make an action wrong.
c
Mr. Kapp made █ █████ ██████ ████ ███ ████████████ ███ ████ ██ ███ █████████
(C) doesn’t establish what makes an action wrong. Since neither this answer nor the premise tells us what makes an action wrong, (C) cannot make the argument valid.
d
It is wrong ██ █████████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ███ ███ ████ ██ ███████
We know that Kapp realized his action would put people at serious risk. In addition, we know from the first contextual sentence that Kapp’s action was done to maximize his profit. According to (D), then, Kapp did something wrong.
e
Mr. Kapp either ████ ██ █████ ██ ████ █████ ████ █████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ████ ██ █████ ███ ███████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ █████
(E) doesn’t establish what makes an action wrong. Since neither this answer nor the premise tells us what makes an action wrong, (E) cannot make the argument valid.