Self-study
Philosopher: A person is morally responsible for an action only if that action is performed freely. ███ ██ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ██ █████ ██ ██ ███████████ ██████ ████ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ██ ███████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████ ████ ██ ██████████ ████ ███████████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████
Summary
The stimulus can be diagrammed as follows:
Notable Valid Inferences
If someone is morally responsible for an action, then it is not the case that the alternative to that action is morally wrong.
If an action was performed freely, then it is not the case that the alternative to that action is morally wrong.
If someone is morally responsible for an action, then there is an alternative action that is genuinely open to the person.
26.
If the philosopher's statements are █████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ████ ██ █████
a
An alternative action ██ ███ █████████ ████ ██ █ ██████ ██████ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ███████ ███████████ ███ ██████████ ███ ███████████ ███████
Could be false. We know that moral responsibility is a sufficient condition for an alternative action being genuinely open; (A) mixes up the sufficient and necessary conditions of this relationship.
b
People are not ███████ ███████████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ████ ████████
Could be false. The stimulus does not discuss any quantities; we cannot make any inferences about “most” actions that people perform.
c
A person is ███████ ███████████ ███ ██ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ██ ███████████ ██████ ████ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████
Could be false. We know that moral responsibility is a sufficient condition for an alternative action being genuinely open. Like (A), (C) mixes up the sufficient and necessary conditions of this relationship.
d
If it would ██ ███████ █████ ███ █ ██████ ██ ███████ █ █████ ███████ ████ ████ ██████ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ████ ███████
Could be false. We know that if an alternative action is morally wrong, then that alternative action was not genuinely open. (D) misses the fact that this relationship discusses “alternative” actions. Also, the necessary condition is that the action is not genuinely open.
e
An action is ███ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ██ ███████████ ██████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████
Must be true. “There is an alternative action that is not morally wrong” is a necessary condition for an action to be performed freely.
