Self-study
Critic: The more a novel appeals to the general public, the more money its author will make from it. ████████ █████ ███ ███████ ████████ █████ █████ ████████ ██████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██████
Summary
The author concludes that all serious novelists are NOT motivated primarily by desire to make money. This is based on the fact taht all serious novelists care about literary style.
Missing Connection
We’re trying to conclude that serious novelists are NOT motivated primarily by desire to make money. But we don’t have any premise that establishes when someone is not motivated primarily by desire to make money. So, at a minimum, the correct answer must tell us what leads to “not motivated primarily by desire to make money.”
To go further, we can anticipate a more specific connection between the premise and conclusion. We know from the premise that serious novelists care about literary style. To make the argument valid, we want to get from “care about literary style” to “not motivated primarily by desire to make money.”
20.
The conclusion of the critic's ████████ ███████ █████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ████████
a
No novel written ██ █ ███████ ████████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ███████
(A) doesn’t establish anything about a novelists’ motivations. Since neither this answer nor the premise establishes anything about a novelists’ motivations, it cannot make the argument valid.
b
No novelist who █████ █████ ████████ █████ ██ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██████
(B) establishes that if a novelist cares about literary style, then they are NOT motivated primarily by desire to make money. (”No A is B” = “If A, then Not B.”) Since we know that serious novelists care about literary style, (B) allows us to conclude that serious novelists aren’t motivated primarily by making money.
c
No novelist whose ██████ ███████ ████ ████████ █████ ██ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██████
We don’t know whether serious novelists’ works “exhibit good literary style.” We know that the noveslists care about style, but that doesn’t imply their works have good literary style. So (C) doesn’t interact with the premise and cannot make the argument valid.
d
Any novelist who ██ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████ ██████ ██████ ████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ███████
We don’t know that serious novelists’ works are novels that do NOT appeal to the general public. So we can’t use (D) to establish that serious novelists aren’t motivated primarily by desire to make money.
e
Any novel that ██ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ █ ████████ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ██████
We’re trying to prove that serious novelists are NOT motivated primarily by desire to make money. (E) allows us to reach a conclusion that someone IS motivated primarily to make money.