Self-study
P1
With rapidly expanding populations, growing industrial development, and dwindling water supplies on national and regional levels, water is fast replacing oil as the world's most valuable resource. ██████████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ █████ ██ ████████████ ███████ ███ █████████ ███ █████████ ███ █████████████ ████████ ████ █████ ██████████ ████ ██ ███████████ ███ █████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████ ████ █████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ████ ██████ ███████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████ ███ █████████████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████ █████████ ████ ████████ █████ ████████ ███
Problem ·
Water (the resource) becoming a source of international tension
Solution ·
United Nations
International Law Commission developed treaty structure for uses of international watercourses
P2
███ █████ █████ ████████ ██ ███ ███ ██ ███ ████████████████ ████ ██ █████████████ ████████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ██████ ███ █████████ ██████████ ██ █████████████ █████ ███ ██ █████ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ██ ████ █████ █████████ ███ █████████ ████████ █████████████ █████████ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ████████ ██ █ ███ ██ ██████████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ ████████ █████████ ███ ███ ██ ████████ █████████████ █████████████ ███
Solution Details ·
The Draft Articles
Codify the principles of international water law; intended as guidelines for the creation of treaties between nations
SOLUTION DETAILS ·
The Draft Articles
Three precepts for water use: don't harm another nation; equitable and reasonable use; try to protect ecosystems
P3
██████ ███ █████ ████████ ███ █ ███████████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██ █████ ██████████ ███ ███ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ██ █████████████ ███████ ████ ███ ██████████ ███████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ████████████ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ████████ ██████ █████████████ ████████ ███
Conclusion ·
Critique of solution: Draft Articles are inadequate
Because they do not sufficiently contemplate future environmental changes
Premise ·
Draft Articles don't contemplate climate change
And the negative effects that will have on watercourses
P4
████████ ████ ████████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ███████ █████████ █████ ██ ███████ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ████ ███ ██ ████████ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ █████ █████ ████████████ ██ █████ ██████ ████ ████████ █████ ██████ ███ █████████ █████ █ █████ ██ ██████████ ████ ███ █████ █████████ ███████ █████ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ██████ ████ █ ███████ █████████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ████████ ███████ ██ █████ █████ ███████████ █████ ████████ █████ █████ █████████ █████ █████ █████ ██ ████ ██████████ ███
Premise ·
Draft Articles are too rigid
If climate change alters the availability of water, the Draft Articles are too inflexible to respond to these changes, leading to unjust results
Premise ·
Solution to Draft Articles' deficiencies
Proportional shares of water; explicitly incorporating contingency plans
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Problem-analysis
8.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
a
The world's water █████████ ███ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ███ ███ ██████████ █ ███ ██ ██████ ██████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ████ ████████ █████████ ███ ██ █████████████ ███████ ███████████ ███ ███████ ███ █████████ ███ ██ █ ███████████ ████ ███████ ███████ ████████
This only describes P1 and P2. It ignores the author’s critique of the guidelines and her recommendations to improve them.
b
The potential for █████████████ ████████ ████ █████████ █████ █████████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ ███ ███ █████████ █ ██████ █████████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ █████████ ███ █████████ ██████ ██ ██████████ ███████████ ██ ████████ ███ ████████ ███████
Descriptively inaccurate. The guidelines aren’t intended to safeguard industrial growth; they’re to safeguard water resources in anticipation of industrial growth.
c
Though the ILC's █████ ████████ ███ █ ██████████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██ ███████████ ███ ██ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████████ ██ ████████ ██████████ ███ ███ ██ █████████████ █████████████ ████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ███ ███████████ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████ █████████████ ████████
This does a good job of encompassing the problem (how to handle the use of international watercourses), the solution (the Draft Articles), and the author’s critique of that solution (they don’t deal with foreseeable changes in water availability). It doesn’t note the author’s recommendations, but it’s the best available description of the main point.
d
While the environmental ███████ ██ ███ ███████ █████ █████████ ████ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ████████ ███ █████ █████ ████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████ ██ ████ ████ ███████ ████████ ██████ ███████ ████ █████ █████████████ █████ ███ ███████ ███████
Descriptively inaccurate. The author doesn’t suggest that environmental threats haven’t had much impact yet. She just argues that these threats will have significant impacts in the future.
e
The increase in ███████████ ██████ ███████ ███ ███ █████████ ██████████ ██████ ███ █████████ ██████ ███████ ████ ███████ ███ ███████████ ███████ ██ █████████████ █████ ████████ ███ ███ █████ █████ ████████ ████ ██ ███████ ████████ ███████████ █████ ██ ████ ████ █████ █████████████ ████████
Descriptively inaccurate. The author doesn’t say if increased carbon dioxide has already had effects; she just says they will have effects. (E) is also too narrow to be the main point. Carbon dioxide is just one example to illustrate the author’s larger critique: the Draft Articles don’t do enough to take into account future changes in general, regardless of the specific cause of those changes.