Self-study
P1
Discovered in 1993, the site known as Ukhaa Tolgod, in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, is one of the world's best sources of fossils from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended about 65 million years ago. ███ █████████ ███████ ███ ██████ ███████ ████ ████ █████ █████████ ████████ ██████████ ████ ████ █ ███████████ ███████ ███ ███████████████ ████ ██████████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Well preserved fossils
How did they form?
Hypothesis ·
Sandstorm buried the animals
Hypothesis wrong ·
New evidence calls sandstorm hypothesis into question
P2
███ ██████████ █████ ████ █████ ███ █████ ████████ █████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ █████ ███
Details of Phenomenon ·
Three different types of sandstone at the site
1st Type ·
Well-defined structure
Consistent with sandstorm hypothesis...
2nd Type ·
Tilt and layering
Also consistent with sandstorm hypothesis...
3rd Type ·
No layering; contains large pebbles
Inconsistent with sandstorm hypothesis because the pebbles are too large to have been windblown. This is the type that contains all of the vertebrate skeletal fossils.
P3
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Alternate Hypothesis ·
Sand avalanche caused fossils
Avalanche trapped animals in its path, resulting in the pristine quality of the remains.
P4
███ █████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████ ███████████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Avalanche / sandslides
What caused them?
Hypothesis ·
Unclear; clay played a role
Unclear but likely clay and rain played a role.
Evidence ·
Modern sand dunes
Implications of hypothesis ·
Sandslide hypothesis suggests area was not sterile desert
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
24.
The observations reported in
a
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This is most analogous. Just as the historian watches craftspeople today making pottery to speculate about the making of similar pottery in the past, the author used observations of modern sand dunes to speculate about the features of sand dunes in the past.
b
In order to █████████ ███ ███████████ ████ ██ █████████████ ██ █████████ ███████ █ █████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ██████ █████ █████ ██████████ ███████
This doesn’t involve observing something in one context in order to support a belief about the thing in a different context. Asking working-age people about their employment status is directly relevant to the rate of unemployment. There’s no need to analogize from one context to another. It also doesn’t involve studying the present to infer something about the past.
c
A historian considers ████ ███████ ████████████ ████████████ ██ ███████ █████████ ██ █████ ██ ████████ █████ ███████ ██ ███ ███ ████████████ ███████ ██████ ████████ ██ █ ████████
This doesn’t involve observing something in one context in order to support a belief about the thing in a different context. It involves reading what people wrote to speculate about what they thought. But (C) doesn’t involve a shift to a different context. For example, it doesn’t say that the historian uses what she learns from the ancient manuscripts to speculate about what a different group of people must have thought. It also doesn’t involve studying the present to infer something about the past.
d
As part of ██ ██████ ██ ███████ █ █████████ ███ ██████████ ███ ██████ ███████████ ██ ███ █████ ███████ ██ █████████ ███████ ████ ██████ ██ ███ █████ ███████
This involves studying the past to develop a theory about the future. But the passage involved studying the present to speculate about the past.
e
An archaeologist examines ███ ███████ █████████ ██ ███████ ██ ██ ███████ ████████████ ██ █████ ██ █████████ ████ ████ ████████████ ██████ ████ ███████
This doesn’t involve observing something in one context in order to support a belief about the thing in a different context. It also doesn’t involve studying the present to infer something about the past. Rather, it involves studying the past to reveal something about the past.