Self-study
Passage A is adapted from an essay by historian Christopher Ricks; passage B is from the introduction, by historian Paulina Kewes, to a book in which Ricks's essay appears.
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P1
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Rosenthal's Purpose ·
To question definition of plagiarism
Rosenthal's answer ·
The required postmodern answer
Postmodern answer = there's no difference between plagiarism and things that people don't think are plagiarism. It's just about power; if people in power don't like certain copying, it's plagiarism.
P2
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Rosenthal's assumption ·
Plagiarism doesn't involve a moral issue; it's about power
P3
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Ricks' perspective ·
Political history should involve moral considerations
Although there's no universal moral standard, that doesn't mean moral standards shouldn't exist. (Not sure what "political history" means, but clearly Rosenthal's book is an example of it.)
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P4
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Intro topic ·
Plagiarism
Accusations of plagiarism in history have been very fluid, and are influenced by commercial, artistic, and legal views. Sometimes the same act has been called plagiarism and not plagiarism.
P5
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Ricks' perspective ·
Critical of historical approach to ethical issues
He thinks it leads to moral relativism, which he thinks is bad.
Author's criticism ·
Ricks paints with too broad a brush
Some historical approaches might be good, even if others are bad.
P6
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Concession ·
Ricks is right to criticize some scholarship
Not all moral standards are just about power, and it can be wrong to project modern-day ideologies onto past events. Ricks is right to make these points.
Author's perspective ·
Ricks is too extreme
Some historical scholarship can still be good, even if there's a lot of bad scholarship out there. Recognizing different historical understandings of plagiarism doesn't imply any agreement with one or more of those understandings.
Passage Style
14.
Both passages are concerned with █████████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
a
How did the ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██████████
Author A doesn’t say anything about “the modern concept of the author.” Instead, he criticizes one author’s argument about the historical concept of plagiarism. This is enough reason to eliminate (A). Author B doesn’t address the modern concept of the author either.
b
During what historical ██████ ███ █████ ██████████ ███████ ██████████ ██████████
Author A thinks there are moral criticisms against plagiarism, but he never addresses when these criticisms originated. This is enough reason to eliminate (B). Author B
c
How has the ████████████ ███████ █████ █████████ ███ █████ ███████ ████ █████
In P3, Author A differentiates between moral standards and power, arguing that the fact that “no moral standard is universal does not of itself entail that moral standards are nothing but expressions of power.” But he doesn’t discuss how the relationship between moral standards and power has changed over time. This is enough reason to eliminate (C). Author B thinks that author A is right to dismiss “the postmodern reduction of moral standards to expressions of power,” but she doesn’t discuss how the relationship between the two has changed over time either.
d
What are the ███████████ ███████████ ███████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ██████████
Author A does address this question. He argues that, while Rosenthal’s book suggests that the only difference between plagiarism and simple imitation is the perspective of those in power, there are actually moral standards that differentiate the two, and these moral standards should be addressed when considering the historical understanding of plagiarism. But author B never addresses the differences between plagiarism and imitation, so we can’t say that both authors are concerned with answering (D).
e
How is the █████ █████████ ██ ██████████ ██ ██ ██████████ █████████████
Both authors are concerned with answering this question. Author A argues that Rosenthal wrongly dismisses the moral dimension of the historical understanding of plagiarism. While Rosenthal thinks that a historical understanding of plagiarism is an issue of power, author A thinks that it’s an issue of morality. Author B