Self-study
Mateo: Support Global warming has caused permafrost to melt under several arctic villages, forcing all their inhabitants to relocate at great expense. █████ █████████ ████ ███████████ ██ █ █████ ███████████ ██ ██████ ████████ ███ ██████████ ████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ███ ██████████ ███████████
Summary
The author concludes that the automobile industry should be required to help pay for the villagers’ relocation.
Why?
Because pollution from cars is a major contributor to global warming, and global warming has forced the villagers to relocate.
Notable Assumptions
The conclusion asserts that the automobile industry “should” be required to help pay for the relocation. But the premises don’t tell us when an industry “should” be required to pay for something. We want a principle that gets us from the premises to the judgment that the automobile industry “should” be required to help pay for the relocation. For example:
If an industry contributes to something that forces others to take costly actions, then the industry should help pay for those actions.
Let’s keep an open mind, because the correct answer doesn’t have to sound exactly like the example above.
17.
Which one of the following ███████████ ██ ██████ █████ ████ ████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████████
a
Any industry has ██ ██████████ ██ ███ ███ ███ ██████ ████ ██ ██████ ████ █████ █████ ██████ ████ ███ ███████████
We don’t have enough to suggest that the automobile industry KNEW that global warming would result from its activities or that it KNEW villagers would have to move because of global warming.
b
Manufacturers should be ████████ ██ ███████ █████ ██ █ ███ ████ █████████ ████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ████████████
(B) concerns how manufacturers should be required to produce their goods. That doesn’t help us establish that manufacturers should help pay for something caused by what they produce.
c
When the use ██ █ ███████ ██████ ███████ ███████████ ██████ ███ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ███ ██████ ██████ █████ ███████████ ███ █████████████ ███ ███████ ███ ████ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ███ █████
(C) would allow us to conclude that the manufacturer should help pay for damage if governments are required to pay for it. But we have no idea whether governments are required to help pay for the villagers’ relocation.
d
Any industry manufacturing █ ███████ █████ ███ ███████████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ██████ █████████ ██ ████ █████████ ████
Helps build a bridge from the premises to the conclusion. We know that the automobile industry makes products (cars) that contribute to global warming. Global warming has caused costly damage to others (it forced villagers to relocate at great expense). (D), then, allows us to conclude that the automobile manufacturers should be liable (i.e. responsible) for damage resulting from use of its cars. This supports a judgment that they should help pay for the villager’s relocation, which partially resulted from cars.
e
An industry that ███████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ███ █████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████████ ████ ██ ██ ███ █ ███████ ██████████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ ██████ ████████
(E) establishes a necessary condition (”only if’) for requiring an industry to help pay for something. That would help us prove that an industry is NOT required to help pay for something. But we’re trying to prove that an industry SHOULD be required to help pay for something.