Self-study
Biologists agree that human beings evolved from a fish, but Conclusion they disagree about which species of fish. █████ ██████████ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ████ ████ █████ █████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ █ █████ █████ ███████ ███ █████████████ ███ ██ ████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ███ ████████████ ██████ ████ ████ ████████ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ████████ ████ █████████████ ███ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ ██ █ ████████ █████████ ██ █████████████ ███████ ███████ ████ ████ ███████ ██ █████ ███ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ █████ ███████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███████████ ██ █████████ █████ ███ ████ ██ █████████ ██████ ████ █████ ██████ ████ ██ █████████ ████ ████████████
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
The author concludes that biologists disagree about which species of fish from which humans evolved. The author proceeds to outline two biologists’ perspectives. The biologists agree that frogs are related to this species of fish. Dr. Stevens-Hoyt says that lungfish are the ancestor of humans because the mitochondrial DNA of lungfish is similar to that of frogs. Dr. Grover rejects Dr. Stevens-Hoyt because mitochondrial DNA evolves too rapidly to demonstrate relationships between species. Rather, Dr. Stevens believes that coelacanths are the ancestor of humans because the hemoglobin of coelacanths matches that of tadpoles.
Identify Argument Part
The proposition in the question stem refers to a point of agreement between the scientists.
16.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ █████ ██ ███ ███████████ ████ █████ ███ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ████ ████ █████ █████ ██████ ████████
a
Since it implies ████ █████ ██████ ███ ███ █████████ ████ █████████ ██ ██ █████ ██ ████████ ███████ ███ █████ ████ ██████ ███ █████████ ████ █████████
The proposition in the question stem does not imply that human beings are not descended from lungfish. The author does not take a side in this dispute; the author simply provides a brief outline of two different theories.
b
Since it implies ████ █████ ██████ ███ ███ █████████ ████ ████████████ ██ ██ ███████ ██ ████████ ███████ ███ █████ ████ █████ ██████ ███ █████████ ████ ████████████
The proposition in the question stem does not imply that human beings are not descended from coelacanths. The author does not take a side in this dispute; the author simply provides a brief outline of two different theories.
c
It is offered ██ ████████ ███ ███ ██████████ ████ █████ ██████ ████ ██ █████████ ████ ██████ ████████ ██ ████████████
The author does not say definitively that either Dr. Stevens-Hoyt or Dr. Grover must be correct; the author is simply outlining two different theories. The author does not contend that humans must be descended from either lungfish or coelacanths.
d
It is an ██████████ ████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ██ █ ████████ █████ ███ █████ █████████ █████ █████ ██████████
Both biologists use the fact that frogs are related to the species of fish from which humans evolved as a premise for their arguments. This is a point of agreement; while they draw different conclusions from this information, it is a key premise for each argument.
e
It implies that ██████ █ █████ ██ █████████████ ███ ██ █ █████ ██ ██████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ███████████ █████ ████ ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ████ ███ ██ █████ ███ ████████
The claim in (E) is not an implication made by the argument.