Self-study
P1
Between June 1987 and May 1988, the bodies of at least 740 bottlenose dolphins out of a total coastal population of 3,000 to 5,000 washed ashore on the Atlantic coast of the United States. █████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ███████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███ ███████ ████████ ███ ██████████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Almost a thousand dolphins washed ashore dead
Presumably many more died and didn't wash ashore. What caused this?
Phenomenon Details ·
Skin lesions; internal lesions in the liver, lung, pancreas, and heart
Evidence of massive opportunistic bacterial infection of already weakened animals.
P2
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Phenomenon Details ·
Autopsy found presence of brevetoxin and PCBs (synthetic pollutants)
P3
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Hypothesis ·
Brevetoxin poisoning
Causal Mechanism ·
Alga bloom, toxin, stress, release of synthetic pollutants, bacterial infection
Unusual bloom of P. brevis resulted in toxin accumulation in fish which was then eaten by dolphin. Dolphins then metabolized blubber which reduced their buoyancy and insulation and released synthetic pollutants (PCBs). This provided opportunity for bacterial infection which ultimately caused death.
P4
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Critique ·
No die-off in Gulf of Mexico; timing and location mismatch; brevetoxin effects unknown
Red tides are common in Gulf of Mexico but no dolphin die-off there; dolphins began dying in the north in June yet red tide bloomed in the south in October; effects of brevetoxin on dolphins are unknown.
Alternative Hypothesis ·
Exposure to synthetic pollutants
Sudden influx of pollutants triggered a cascade of problems in dolphins already heavily laden with PCB poisoning which is known to include symptoms like impaired immune system, impaired liver function, and skin lesions, all of which were observed.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
15.
Which one of the following ██ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ████████ ███ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ███████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ █████ ██████████
a
the release of ██████ ███████████ ████ ███ █████████ ███████ ████████
This isn’t evidence for either explanation offered in the passage. The release of stored synthetic pollutants (not brevetoxin, a natural algae toxin) from blubber is part of the explanation offered in P3. But we’re only interested in the explanation offered in P4, and there’s nothing about either brevetoxins or blubber in that one.
b
the date on █████ ████████ ███████ ███ █████ ██ ████ ████████ ██████
The author doesn’t indicate that offshore dumping was ever known to have occurred, so (B) can’t be evidence for the explanation in P4. The author just mentions dumping as a
c
the presence of ███████ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ████
The author doesn’t indicate that any dumping sites were actually present in the area, so (B) can’t be evidence for the explanation in P4. The author just mentions dumping as a
d
the synthetic pollutants ████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ ████████
This isn’t evidence for either explanation offered in the passage. The presence of brevetoxin (a natural algae toxin, not a synthetic pollutant) in fish is part of the explanation offered in P3. But we’re only interested in the explanation offered in P4, and that explanation doesn’t present any evidence about pollutants being present in fish, specifically.
e
the effects of ████ ██ █████ ████████ ██ ████████
Stated. The explanation offered in the final paragraph is that