Self-study
P1
Many birds that form flocks compete through aggressive interaction for priority of access to resources such as food and shelter. ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ████████████ ███████ █████ ███████ ██ ████ ████ ████ █████ █ ██████████ ██████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ████ ████████ ██ ██████ ██ █████████ ██████████ ████ ██████ ███████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Status hierarchy in birds
Top bird has best fighting ability which grants them first dibs on food and shelter. Then next bird get their turn, then next, and so on. Each bird has a position on this status hierarchy.
Negative Consequence ·
Maintaining social status is costly: energy, time, and risk of injury
Hypothesis ·
Status signaling hypothesis (SSH)
Instead of actually fighting to establish social status, birds can instead signal their fighting ability and thereby not have to risk actually getting hurt. A bird's plumage is one such signal of fighting ability.
P2
███ █████████ ██████ ████████ ████ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███████ █████████ ███████ ███ ██████ █████████ ██████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ████ ██████ ███████ █████████ █████ ████ ██████ ███████ ███ █████████ ████ ███████████ ██████ ███████ ████████ ██ ███████ ████ ████ █████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ███ ███ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ███████ ████████ ████████ █████████ ███████
Rohwer ·
Sparrow plumage supports SSH
Birds with darker throats win conflicts against birds with lighter plumage, controlling for age and sex.
P3
████████ ████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ███████████ ██ ███ ██ ███ ███████ ██████ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ██ ██ ██████████ ██████ ████████ ████████ ██ █████████ ███████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████ ██ ████ ██████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████ ███ ███████████ ████ ███████ ████████ ████ ██████ █████ ███████████ ███████████ ██ ██████ █████ ██████ █████████
Critique of Rohwer ·
Data doesn't support his claims
Darker plumage birds don't always win conflicts. Also, age is actually a confounder. Age is a signal of status and plumage just happens to darken with age. Hence, plumage is not a status signal for these sparrows.
P4
███ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ █████████ ██ ████ ███ ███████ █████████ ███████████ ████ █ ██████ ███████████ ███████ ███ █████ ██ ███ █████ ██████████████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████████ █████████████ ██ ████████ ██ ███████ ██████ ██ ██ ██████████ ████ █████████████ █████ █████ ████ ████ ███████ ████ ███████ ███ ████████████ ██████ ██████ ██ ██ ███ ████ ████████ ████ ██████████ ████ ██████ █████ ████ ███ █████ █████████ ███ ████ █████████
Experimental Evidence for SSH ·
Greater titmouse
Width of black breast-plumage stripe signals status. Experiment controlled for sex, age, wing length, and body weight.
P5
██ █████████ ██████████ ████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ██████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ █████████ ███ ██ █████ ███████ ████████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ █ ███████ █████ ████ █ ████ ████ ███████████ ███ █████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ███████ ██ ████ ███ ████ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ ██████ ██ ██████████ ████ █████████ ████ █ █████ ██████ █ ████████ ██████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ █████ ██████████ ███████ ███ ███████ █████████████ ████████ ████ █████████ ████ █ █████ ██████ █ ███████ ██████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ████ █████ █████ ██████████ ███ ███ ███ █████████
Experimental Evidence for SSH ·
Greater titmouse
Stuffed titmouse dummies with narrower v. broader breast stripes caused other birds to behave aggressively v. submissively, as predicted by SSH.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
19.
According to the passage, which ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ████ ██ ████████ ████████████ ██ ███ ██████ █████████ ██████████ ██████
a
Although his research ███ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ████ ████████ ██ █████ ███████
The passage doesn’t indicate that Rohwer’s data is more relevant to other issues. Although the author has a different interpretation of Rohwer’s data that shows it doesn’t support the SSH, that doesn’t mean the data is more relevant to other issues that aren’t related to the SSH.
b
He set out ██ ███████ ███ ████ ███ █████ ██ ████████ ███
Rohwer did not revise the SSH.
c
He set out ██ ████████ ███ ████ ███ █████ ██ █████████ ███
He did not set out to disprove the SSH.
d
He altered the ███ ██ █████████ ██ ██ █████████ ███████ █████ ██ ████████
Rohwer did not change the SSH.
e
He advocated the ████ ███ ███ ████████ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ███
Supported by P2 and P3.