Self-study
Sharks have a higher ratio of cartilage mass to body mass than any other organism. ████ ████ ████ █ ███████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ████ ███ █████ █████████ █████ █████████ ████████ █ █████████ ████ ████████ █████ ██████ ██ ████████ ███ ███████████ ██ █ ███ █████ ████████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ██████ ████ ██ ███ █████████ █████ ████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███████████ ████████ ███ ████ ████ ████████ ████ ███ ████████ █████ █████ ███ ████████ █████ ██████████
Summary
The ratio of cartilage mass to body mass is the % of an animal’s mass that is made of up cartilage. This % is higher for sharks than it is for any other organism.
Sharks have a greater resistance to cancer than any other organism.
Shark cartilage has a substance that inhibits tumor growth.
In the past 20 years, the response of terminal cancer patients to eating shark cartilage has been therapeutically better or as good as any other response of those patients to other treatments.
Notable Valid Inferences
There’s no clear inference to draw. I’d rely on process of elimination to identify which answer must be false.
11.
If the claims made above ███ █████ ████ ████ ██ ███ █████████ █████ ██ ████ ███████
a
No organism resists ██████ ██████ ████ ██████ ███ ███ ████ ██████ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ███████
Must be false. We know sharks have a greater resistance to cancer than any other organism. So it’s impossible for some organisms to resist cancer as well as sharks.
b
The organism most ███████████ ██ ██████ ███ █ ██████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ████ ████ █████████ ████ ███ ████ ███████████ ██ ███████
Could be true. We know about how sharks’ cartilage ratio compares to other animals. But we don’t know about how one non-shark animal’s cartilage ratio compares to another non-shark animal.
c
The substance in █████ █████████ ████ ████████ █████ ██████ ██ █████ ██ ████ ██████████
Could be true. Sharks have a substance that inhibits tumor growth, but most other animals could have this, too. Sharks may just have more of this substance than other animals.
d
In the past ██ █████ ████ ████████ ██████ ████████ ████ ████████ ████████████ █████████ ████ █████ ██ ████████
Could be true. Many therapies can help patients. Eating shark cartilage works as well or better than those therapies, though.
e
Some organisms have ██████ ███████ ████ █████████ ████ █ ███████ ██████ ███████
Could be true. The stimulus doesn’t tell us about the efficiency of a shark’s immune system. We know about resistance to cancer, but that doesn’t guarantee anything about overall immune system efficiency.