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Psychologist: Some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities, but Conclusion this claim is false. █ ███████ ████ █████████ ███████████ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ███████████ ███ ████ ████████████ ██ ████ ███████ ██████████████ ████████ █████ ███████ ████ ████████ ██ ████ ███ ███████████ ███ ████ ████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ ████ ███ ███ ██ ███████ ███ ████ ██████████ ██ █ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███ ██ █ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ███████████ █████ ████████ ████ ███ █████████████ ██ █████ ███ ███████████ ███ ██ ████ ██████████
Summary
The psychologist concludes that horoscopes do not fully determine our personalities, as some astrologers claim. In support, the psychologist offers the example of two people born at the exact same time, on the same day, one in Toronto and one in New York. Despite their identical birth dates, these individuals still have different personalities.
The psychologist's argument relies on offering a counter-example in order to refute the astrologers' claim. If the astrologers say that your horoscope always determines your personality, all that's necessary to disprove them is to show one case where someone's horoscope certainly did not determine their personality.
Objective: Find a Necessary Assumption
The thing is, for the psychologist's counter-example to be effective, the two individuals in the argument need to actually have the same horoscopes—but the psychologist never says they do. All we know is that their day and time of birth were the same, but is that all that determines a horoscope? We don't know, meaning it's necessary to assume that no other factor makes their horoscopes different: for example, their different places of birth.
Although we've found one necessary assumption, we should still keep an open mind in the answer choices. We might find the answer we predicted, but there could also be a different, unexpected necessary assumption.
21.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ██ █████ ███ ██████████████ ████████ ████████
a
Astrologers have not █████████ █████ ██████ ██ ████████ ████████████████
b
The personality differences ███████ ███ ███ ███████████ ██████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███████████ ███████ ███████ ███ ███ █████
c
The geographical difference ███████ ███████ ███ ███ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ███ ███ ███████████ ██████ █████████ ███████████
d
Complete birth records ███ ███ ████ ██ █████ ████ ████ ██ ████ ██████████
e
Identical twins have █████████ ███████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ████ ███████ ████ █████████████