Self-study
Support An air traveler in Beijing cannot fly to Lhasa without first flying to Chengdu. ██████████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ ████ ███ ██ ████ ██████ ██████ ██ ████████ ███ ███ ████████ ███ █████ ████ ███████ ██ ██████ ██████████ ██████ █████ ██████ ██ █████
Method of Reasoning
The author states that to do A (fly to Lhasa), one must first do B (fly to Chengdu), but that to do B, you must first do C (fly to Xian). Thus, the author concludes that doing A requires doing C.
23.
The pattern of reasoning exhibited ██ ███ ████████ █████ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
A doctor cannot █████████ ████████ ███ █ ███████ ███████ █████ ███████████ ██████████ ███ ████ ████████ ██████████████ ██████████ █████ ████ ████████ ███ ████ ██ ████ ██████ █████████ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ██████████ ████ █ ███████ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ████ █████████ ████████
(A) concludes that a patient who has taken porozine has likely felt nervous. It doesn’t make an argument about what’s required to take porozine, it makes an argument about what the likely effects are — so it’s not parallel to the stimulus.
b
An ice-sculpture artist ██████ █████ ███ ██████ █████ ██ ███████████ ███████ █████ █████████ ███ █████ ██████ ███ █████ █████ ██ ██████████ ██ ███████ ██████ ███ █████ █████ ███ ███████ ████ █████████ ██████████ ██ █████████████ ██████ ███ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ █████ ████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ███ █████ ██████
(B) says that A (reaching the yellow level) requires B (reaching the green level), but that B requires C (reaching the white level), and concludes that thus, A requires C. This reasoning is parallel to that in the stimulus.
c
One cannot properly ████████ █ ████████ ███████ █████ █████████ ███ ███████ █ ████████ ██████████ ███ ██ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ █ █████████ █ ████████ ███████████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ████████ █████████ █████████
(C) says that A (identifying mushroom) requires B (examining spores), that C (a microscope) can be used to do B, and thus concludes that A requires C. But this isn’t a valid argument. Just because a microscope is sufficient to examine the spores doesn’t mean it is necessary.
d
It is impossible ██ ██ ██████ ██ █ ████████ ███████ ███████ ███ ███████████ ██████ █ ██████ ███ █████ ███ ███████████ █████ ██ █ ████████ ███ ███████ ████ ██ █████ ██ ██████████ ███ █████████ █████ ██ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ██ ██ ███████████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████ █████ ███ ███ █████ █████ ██████████ ███ █ ██████ ██ ██████ ██████ ██ █ █████████
(D) is almost parallel, but the conclusion is wrong. It should say that “a person who is fluent must have either done exhaustive and difficult study or grown up where the language is spoken” (A requires C). This is different from saying there are 2 major ways to become fluent.
e
In the City ██████ ███████ ███ ██████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████ ███ ████ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██████ ████ ████ ██████ ██ ████ █████ ██████████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ██████ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ████ ██████ ██ ████ █████
(E) isn’t a valid argument. What if there are other dancers in Sleeping Beauty who didn’t dance in Giselle, and they were the only ones in Sleeping Beauty who also danced in Swan Lake? Then there might not be any dancers from Giselle who also danced in Swan Lake.