Self-paced
P1
By the year 2030, the Earth's population is expected to increase to 10 billion; ideally, all would enjoy standards of living equivalent to those of present-day industrial democracies. ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ██████ ███████ ████████ ███████ █████████ ████ ██ ███████ ███████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ █████ ██ ██████████████ ██████████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ██████████ ██ ███████████ ██████████ ████ ██ █████ █████ ████ █ ██████ ██ █████ ███
Problem ·
Resource depletion
Expand problem ·
Waste production
P2
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Solution ·
Industrial ecosystem
Explain solution ·
Optimized consumption, minimized waste, recycled materials
P3
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Analogy ·
Industrial ecosystem similar to biological ecosystem
In biological ecosystems, resources cycle through plants, herbivores, carnivores, and back to plants. In ideal industrial ecosystems, the same material serves different functions over time.
Example ·
of existing industrial ecosystem process
"Designed offal" is waste that is designed to be reused
Concession ·
"Designed offal" example still consumes energy, creates pollution
But improvement over status quo
P4
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Another concession ·
Proposed solution (ideal industrial ecosystem) not yet possible
Revised solution ·
Make incremental changes, prioritize technologies that are more ecologically sound
Passage Style
Problem-analysis
Single position
1.
According to the passage, which ███ ██ ███ █████████ ██ █████████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████████ ██ ██ █████ ██████████ ██████████
a
the unwillingness of █████████████ ██ ██████ █████ ██████████ █████████
This isn’t described as a current obstacle. Although the author does mention that it will be possible to develop a more closed industrial ecosystem if developing nations bypass older technologies, this doesn’t imply that manufacturers are “unwilling” to change.
b
the unwillingness of ██████████████ █████████ ██ ██████ █████ █████████ ██ ██████ ██ █ █████ ████ ██ ███████████ ███ ███ ██████ █████
This isn’t described as a current obstacle.
c
the unwillingness of ██████████ ███████ ██ █████ ███ ████████████ ████ ███ ████ ████████████ █████ ████ █████ ████ ██ ██████████████ █████████
This isn’t described as a current obstacle. Although the author does mention that it will be possible to develop a more closed industrial ecosystem if developing nations bypass older technologies, this doesn’t imply that developing nations are “unwilling” to adopt new technologies.
d
the inability of ██████████ ██ ███████ █ ██████████ ███ ███ █████ ██████████ ██ ███ █████████████ ███████
e
the failure of ███ ██████████ █████████ ████████ ██ ███████ ██████████ ██████████ ██ ████████████ █████
This isn’t described as a current obstacle.