Self-study
P1
According to the theory of gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that increases as either the mass of the particles increases, or their proximity to one another increases, or both. ███████████ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ███ ██████████ ██ ██████ █████████ ███ ███ ██████ █████████ ███
Theory of gravitation ·
Gravity is believed to have shaped the structure of the universe
Gravity = every particle of matter attracts every other particle based on the mass of particles and how close they are to each other
Puzzling phenomenon ·
90% of the universe seems to be missing
The observable mass isn't enough to explain the universe.
Cosmologists' hypothesis ·
Dark matter
P2
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Elaborate on dark matter ·
Dark matter might be neutrinos
But, neutrinos have been assumed to have no mass. So, how could they be the dark matter that helps the universe take its shape? (Come back to this paragraph for details of exactly what neutrinos are.)
P3
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Elaborate on dark matter ·
Neutrinos do have mass, so they can, in theory, be dark matter
Research shows that neutrinos can oscillate. And oscillation requires mass. (Come back to this paragraph for details of exactly what oscillation is.)
P4
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Limits of neutrinos as dark matter ·
Neutrinos are at most about 20% of dark matter
There must be other particles that make up the rest of dark matter. Cosmologists still find the neutrino theory of dark matter helpful.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
14.
Which one of the following ██████ ████ ██████████ ███ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████████
a
"The Existence of ████ ███████ █████████ ███ ███ ████████
This doesn’t capture the idea that there’s evidence neutrinos are part of dark matter. The passage isn’t just about the existence of dark matter; it’s focused on an exploration of a specific hypothesis concerning what particles constitute dark matter.
b
"Neutrinos and the ████ ██████ ████████ █ ███████ ██████████
This is the best answer. It’s the only answer that mentions both neutrinos and dark matter.
c
"Too Little, Too █████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████ ███████
The passage focuses on the hypothesis that neutrinos do constitute dark matter.
d
"The Role of ████████ ███ ████ ██████ ██████ ██████
This doesn’t capture the idea that there’s evidence neutrinos are part of dark matter. The passage isn’t just about the relationship of dark matter to stars; it’s focused on an exploration of a specific hypothesis concerning what particles constitute dark matter. Also, gravity is the force that shapes stars; dark matter refers to the unobservable matter that’s necessary to create the gravitational force.
e
"The Implications of ████████████ ██ █████████ ██████ ████ ██████
This would be a good title for P3, but it’s too narrow for the overall passage.