Self-study
Bram Stoker's 1897 novel . ███████ █████████ ██████████████ ████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ██ ████ ███ █████ ██ ██████ ███████████ ████ ██ ████ ████ █████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ███ █████████ █████████ ██ ████ ██████ ████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████ █ █████████ █████ ████ ██ ████ ████ █ ███ ██ ██ █████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████████ ████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████ █████ ███████ ██ ██████ ████ ██████ ████████ █████
Summary
The author concludes that the vampire’s ability to turn into bats is NOT an essential part of vampire myths.
What makes the author think this?
Because vampire myths existed in Europe long before Dracula was published (a book that portrays vampires as able to turn into bats).
Notable Assumptions
The author assumes that at least some vampire myths that existed in Europe before Dracula was published do not describe vampires as able to turn into bats.
18.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ████████
a
At least one ██ ███ ████████ ███████ █████ ████ ████████ ████████ ████ ███ ███ ███████ ████████ ██ ████████ ██████████
Not necessary, because the argument is about the portrayal of vampires as able to turn into bats. Whether vampires being nocturnal is essential to vampire myths is a separate issue.
b
Vampire myths in ███████ ███ █████ ████████ █████ ████ ███████ ████ ███ ██████ ███████ ████████ ██ ████ ██ ████ ████ █████
Not necessary, because the argument relies on vampire myths from Europe. Whatever is true about vampire myths from other areas has no impact on the reasoning.
c
Vampire myths did ███ █████ ███████ ██████ ██████ ███ ███████████ ██ ████████ ████████
Not necessary, because even if they did exist outside Europe, the author is still allowed to rely on the myths from Europe to support his conclusion. If those myths did not portray vampires as able to turn into bats, then the author’s reasoning still works, regardless of the existence of myths in other areas.
d
At least one ██ ███ ████████ ███████ █████ ████ ████████ ████████ ████ ███ ███ ███████ ████████ ██ ████ ██ ████ ████ █████
Necessary, because if this were not true — if NONE of the European vampire myths that existed before Dracula was published did not portray vampires as able to turn into bats (in other words, all of them portray vampires as able to turn into bats) — then those myths wouldn’t be examples of vampire myths in which the vampire didn’t have the ability to turn into a bat. The author’s citation to those myths would no longer support the claim that the ability to turn into bats is not essential to vampire myths.
e
At the time ██ █████ ████████ ██████ ███ ████████ ████ ███████ ████████ ███████ ██████
Not necessary, because what the writer of Dracula was or was not aware of doesn’t affect the reasoning. The myths that predated Dracula existed regardless of his knowledge, and whatever those myths portrayed about vampires can’t be affected by what the writer of Dracula knew or didn’t know about those myths.