Self-study
Columnist: Support The failure of bicyclists to obey traffic regulations is a causal factor in more than one quarter of the traffic accidents involving bicycles. █████ ██████████ ███████ ██████ █████████ ██ ████ █ ██████ ██ ████ ████ █ ███████ ██ ████ ██████████ ██████████ ███ ██ █████ █████████ ███████████ ███ ████ ████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ █████████ █████████ █████████
Summarize Argument
The columnist concludes that bicyclists are partly responsible for more than half of all bike-related traffic accidents. She supports this by saying that bikers not following traffic rules contributes to more than a quarter of these accidents, and poor bike safety equipment is also a factor in more than a quarter of these accidents.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The columnist concludes that bicyclists are partly to blame for over half of bike-related accidents because two factors— not following traffic rules and using poor safety equipment— each contribute to more than a quarter of these accidents. Her reasoning is flawed because she assumes that these factors never overlap, or that only one factor contributes to each accident. But if some of these accidents involve both factors, she can't claim that bicyclists are responsible for over half of them.
10.
The columnist's reasoning is flawed ██ ████ ██
a
presumes, without providing ██████████████ ████ █████████ ███ █ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ █████████ █████████ ████████
The columnist doesn’t address motorists or assume that they’re a factor in less than half of the accidents. She says bicyclists are at least partially responsible for more than half of the accidents, so motorists could be partially responsible for these accidents as well.
b
improperly infers the ████████ ██ █ ██████ ██████████ ██ ███ █████ ██ █ ███████████
The columnist doesn’t draw a causal conclusion based on a mere correlation. Instead, she infers a detail about a causal relationship on the basis of a premise that does establish something as “a causal factor.”
c
fails to consider ███ ███████████ ████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ █ █████ ████████
The columnist assumes that only one of the factors contributes to each accident. But if not following traffic rules and using poor safety equipment both contribute to some accidents, then it might not be true that bicyclists are partly responsible for over half of the accidents.
d
fails to provide ███ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █████
The columnist doesn’t provide sources for her cited figures, but this isn’t a flaw in her reasoning.
e
fails to consider ████ ███ ████████ ██ ████████ ██ ██████████ ████ ███████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████
The columnist’s argument is about the factors that contribute to bike-related traffic accidents. The severity of the bicyclists’ injuries from each accident is irrelevant.