Self-study
Cynthia: Corporations amply fund research that generates marketable new technologies. ███ ███ ███████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ██ ███████ █ █████████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ██████████ ██████ ████ ████ █████ █████ ██████████ ████████ ████████ ████ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████████ █████████ ██ ███████
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Two Views of What Government Should Fund
Cynthia observes that corporations already fund research that generates marketable technologies. She then argues that the government should step in to fund something different: basic scientific research aimed at furthering our theoretical knowledge of nature. Her reasoning is that the fundamental goal of science is comprehensive knowledge of the universe, and corporations aren't covering that.
Luis sees the purpose of government-funded research differently. He thinks the goal of government support is to generate technological advances that benefit society. From this, he concludes that only research expected to yield practical applications should receive government funding.
Anticipation
Cynthia and Luis clearly disagree about whether the government should fund basic theoretical research. But they also disagree on a deeper level about why the government should fund research at all. Cynthia thinks the purpose of government funding is to advance our understanding of the universe. Luis thinks the purpose is to generate practical technological benefits for society. This difference in how they define the goal of government-funded research is what drives their disagreement about which projects deserve funding.
11.
Cynthia's and Luis's statements provide ███ ████ ███████ ███ ███ ██████████ ████ ████ █████ ████████ ████ ████ █████ █████ ███ █████ ██ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███████████
a
The government should ████ ████ ████ ███████████ ████████ ███████ ████ ████████ █████ ████ ██████████ █████████ ████████████ ██ ██████ ████ ██ ███████████ ███ █████████
Should the government fund pure theoretical research because it might have unforeseen practical applications?
Cynthia: ❓Luis: ❓/❌
Cynthia thinks the government should fund theoretical research, but not for the reason (A) gives. Her argument is that theoretical knowledge is valuable in its own right, not that it might lead to practical applications. She might agree with (A)'s conclusion, but we can't be sure she'd endorse this particular justification. Luis would likely reject (A) because the research isn't expected to yield practical applications — it just might, and his standard requires the expectation. Since we can't clearly pin down both speakers' views on (A), it's not a reliable point of disagreement.
b
A proposed study ██ ███ ███████ ██ ████████ ███████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██████████████ ███ ███████████████ ███████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ████████
Should a study of chemical fertilizers aimed at developing better crop breeds be denied government funding?
Cynthia: ❓Luis: ❌
Luis would arguably disagree with (B). This is applied agricultural research with a practical purpose. But Cynthia never says applied research shouldn't be funded. She argues that the government should fund basic theoretical research; she doesn't weigh in on whether practical research should also receive funding. Since we can't determine Cynthia's view on (B), it's not a point of disagreement.
c
Although some research ████████ ██ ███████████ ███████ █████ █████████ █████████ ████ ██ ████ ███ ██ ██ ████████ ████████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ███████████
Should no theoretical science projects receive government funding, since most don't yield practical benefits?
Cynthia: ❌Luis: ❌
Cynthia would clearly reject (C) — she explicitly advocates for funding theoretical research. But Luis would likely reject it too. (C) says no theoretical research should be funded, but it also concedes that some theoretical research yields practical benefits. Luis would be open to funding those theoretical projects that do produce practical results. Both speakers disagree with (C), so it's not a point of disagreement between them.
d
Research for the ████ ███████ ██ ██████████ ███ ████████████ █████ ██ ██ ████████ ███████████ ██ █████████████
Should corporations be the exclusive funders of technology-development research?
Cynthia: ❓Luis: ❌
Luis would likely disagree with (D). He's open to the government funding research that yields practical technological benefits, so he wouldn't want to leave that entirely to corporations. But Cynthia's position is less clear. She observes that corporations do fund technology research, but she never says the government shouldn't also fund it. Her argument is about what the government should fund in addition (basic research), not about what it should stop funding. Since we can't pin down Cynthia's view, it's not a point of disagreement.
e
Knowledge gained through █████ ██████████ ████████ ████ ███ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ███ ██████ ████████████ ██ █████ ███ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ██████████ ████████
Can research merit government funding even if it isn't expected to lead to useful new technologies?
Cynthia: ✅Luis: ❌
Cynthia would agree. She argues that the government should fund basic research aimed at theoretical knowledge of nature. She never requires that this research lead to new technologies — the knowledge itself justifies the funding. Luis would disagree. His position is that only research expected to yield practical applications deserves government funding. Research that isn't expected to produce useful technologies doesn't qualify under his standard. This is a direct point of disagreement.