Self-study
Support In the last year, biologists have learned that there are many more species of amphibians in existence than had previously been known. ████ ██████████ ██████████ ██████████████████ █████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████████ ████ ██ █████ ███████ █████ █████
Summarize Argument
The author concludes that pollution is not eliminating many amphibian species every year. This is based on the fact that last year, biologists have learned that there are many more species of amphibians in existence than had previously been known.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The fact that we have discovered additional amphibian species doesn’t relate to whether pollution is killing amphibian species. Discovery of amphibian species doesn’t mean that there’s been an actual increase in the species that exist. So pollution can be killing amphibian species even as we are discover new species that we didn’t know about.
11.
The reasoning in the argument █████ ██ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██ ████████ █ █████████ ███████
a
kinds of things ███ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ██ █████ █████
“Kinds of things” refers to different kinds of amphibians. “Things that are of those kinds” refers to examples of the kinds of amphibians. The author doesn’t confuse these two. The confusion relates to learning about new species vs. an actual increase in the number of species.
b
a condition necessary ███ █ ██████████ ███ ███ ████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██
The author’s argument doesn’t rely on conditional reasoning, so there’s no confusion of necessary and sufficient conditions.
c
a cause and ██ ██████
The author doesn’t conclude that one thing causes another, so the flaw doesn’t concern a reversal of cause and effect.
d
a correlation between ███ █████████ ███ █ ██████ ████████████ ███████ ████
The author doesn’t conclude that one thing causes another, so the flaw doesn’t concern going from correlation to cause.
e
changes in our █████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████
The author confuses changes in our knowledge of the number of amphibian species with changes in the number of amphibian species. The author mistakenly thinks our discovery of new species indicates that pollution isn’t killing species.