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passage 4
P1
It is generally believed that while in some cases government should intervene to protect people from risk—by imposing air safety standards, for example—in other cases, such as mountain climbing, the onus should be on the individual to protect himself or herself. ███
Intro to Topic ·
When should governments intervene to protect people from risk?
Sometimes it's the government's responsibility to mitigate risk, e.g., airplane safety. Other times, it's a personal responsibility, e.g., mountain climbing.
Two Competing Criteria ·
Laypeople v. policy experts
When should governments intervene? Laypeople: whether the risk was involuntarily. Policy experts: aggregate lives at stake.
Critique ·
Laypeople wrong; voluntary is not helpful to guide policy decisions
Judgments about whether a risk is "voluntary" or not is often based on confusion and selective attetion.
P2
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Premise for Critique ·
Voluntary v. involuntary distinction is unclear
For example, is a risk incurred by flying involuntary? Of course passengers have no control over how the plane flies but they made a choice to get on that plane.
P3
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Premise for Critique ·
"Voluntary" is often just a proxy for approval
Both skydiving and firefighting are voluntary. But people tend to support government spending to mitigate the risk of firefighting but not of skydiving. Why? Because people approve of firefighting more than skydiving. So they're actually making their judgment on approval.
Sub-Conclusion ·
Policy decisions should look past voluntariness and into the real reasons
P4
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Main Conclusion ·
Policy decisions should be guided how many lives can be saved
Passage Style
Critique or debate
25.
The author's use of the ██████
a
do not exhaustively ████████████ ███ █████ ████ ██████ ████████ ████
b
have been used ██ █████████████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████ █████
c
have no meaning ██████ █████ ████████ ██████████ ███████████
d
are mistakenly believed ██ ██ ███████████████ ████ ██████ ████████ █████████████ ██ ███ ████████████ ██ ████
e
provide a flawed █████████ ███ ██████ ██████ ██████ █████████ ████████ ██ ████ █████████