Self-study
Engineer: Support Semiplaning monohulls are a new kind of ship that can attain twice the speed of conventional ships. ███ ██ █████████ ████ ██████ ██████████████ ████ ██ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ████ ██ ████████████ ██████ ██████████ ██████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ████ █████████ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ █████████ █████ █████████ ██████ ██████████ ██ ██ ███████████ ███████ ████ ███████ ███████ █████ ███ ████████████ ███████████ █████████ █████ ███ ████ ██████████ ████ ███████████ ██████ ████ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ██████████ ██ █████
Argument Summary
The engineer's argument breaks into four moves:
1. Premise: Semiplaning monohulls are twice as fast as conventional ships.
2. Concession (this is the referenced text): But monohulls are more expensive than conventional ships, because they burn more fuel.
3. Analogy: Jet airplanes had the same setup: more expensive than other planes at first, but still profitable because of their greater speed and reliability. Monohulls have those same advantages over traditional ships.
4. Conclusion. Therefore, monohulls will probably be profitable.
The engineer raises the increased-expense point as a concession because she knows it looks like a problem for her conclusion about monohulls' future profitability. She then uses the jet airplane analogy to respond to that concession.
Anticipation
Standing alone, the referenced text cuts against the conclusion. Saying something is more expensive doesn't help the case for profitability; it hurts it. So the referenced text isn't a premise that supports the conclusion.
The engineer raises it anyway, then handles it with the jet airplane analogy: jet planes were also more expensive at first and were profitable anyway, so the same outcome is plausible for monohulls.
So the role is: a concession the engineer makes, but responds to with an analogy.
20.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ████ ██████████████ ████ ██ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ████ ██ ███████████ ██████
a
It serves as ███ ██ ███ █████████ █████ ███████ ███████████ █████████ ███ ███ ██████████ █████ ████████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███ ██████████ ████ ███████████
(A) places the referenced text into the wrong comparison. The argument has exactly one analogy: monohulls compared to jet airplanes. The referenced text isn't part of that analogy at all. It's a separate claim about how monohulls compare to conventional ships in expense. (A) treats the referenced text as if it were a second monohull-vs.-airplane analogy, which it isn't, and as if it supported the conclusion, which it doesn't.
b
It draws an ███████ ███████ ███████████ █████████ ███ ████████████ █████ ████ ███████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████ ███████████ ███ ████ ██ ████████████ ████████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ████████
(B) gets the second half right: the referenced text does get countered later by an analogy (the jet airplane one). The first half is wrong. Not every comparison is an analogy. An analogy argues from a similarity: "X is like Y in some relevant way, so what's true of Y is probably true of X." The referenced text doesn't do that. It just notes that monohulls are more expensive than conventional ships, which is a contrast between monohulls and conventional ships, not a similarity.
c
It draws a ███████████ ███████ ███████████████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ███ ███████████████ ██ ████████████ █████ ████ █████████████ ████████ ███████ ███ ███ ██████████ ████ ███████████
The referenced text doesn't support the conclusion; it cuts against it. The conclusion is that monohulls will be profitable. Pointing out that they're more expensive than conventional ships is a reason to worry about profitability, not a reason to expect it. The engineer raises this concession so she can defuse it with the airplane analogy, not because the concession independently supports the conclusion.
d
It constitutes a █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ████ ███████████ ███ ██ ████████████ █████████ ██ ██ ███████ █████ ███████ █████ ███ ██████████
This accurately describes the role. The referenced text is a potential objection to the conclusion; the increased expense of monohulls looks like a threat to profitability. The engineer defuses this with an analogy between ships and airplanes: jet planes were also more expensive at first but were profitable anyway.
e
It draws a ███████████ ███████ ███████████████ ██ ███████████ █████████ ███ ███████████████ ██ ████████████ █████ ████ ███ ██████████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ██ █ ███████████ ███████ █████ ██ ██████████
(E) correctly notes that the referenced text draws a distinction between monohulls and conventional ships, but it then misidentifies where the airplane comparison happens. The argument's reasoning, not its conclusion, compares ships to airplanes. The conclusion is just "monohulls will probably be profitable." That's not a comparison between two distinctions.