Self-study
P1
A major problem facing industrial societies is their exponentially increasing production of toxic waste. █████████████ ███████████ ███ ████████ ███ █████████ ███ ████████████ ████ █████████ █████████████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███
Main Problem ·
Toxic waste disposal
Solution ·
Deep well injection
Details of Solution ·
Details of deep well injection
Waste injected into rock layers, out of reach of underground drinking water (aquifers)
problem ·
Three problems with deep well injection
P2
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Problem 1 ·
Wells can still leak into aquifers, polluting drinking water
Problem 2 ·
Human error can cause wells to fail
Example of human error threatening drinking water supply
P3
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Problem 3 ·
Very difficult to predict how waste will flow underground
P4
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Reiteration of 3 problems ·
Uncertainty of flow (problem 3), mechanical failure (problem 1), human error (problem 2)
Passage Style
Problem-analysis
Single position
3.
Which one of the following ██████ ██ █████ ████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ████████ █████████ ███ █████ ██ █████████ █████████ ██ █████████ ███████
a
Few of the ████ ██████████ ████ ██████████ ████████ ████████ ███ █████████ █████████ ██ █████████ ██████ ███ ████████ ██ ██ █████████ ██ ███████ ██ █████████ ████████████
If anything, this undermines the author’s argument by minimizing the risk posed by deep-well waste injection.
b
Few of the █████ ██████████ ████ ███ ████████ ████████ ██ ███████ █████████ █████████ ████ ████ ██████████ ██████ ███ █████ ███████ ██ ████████ ██████████
This doesn’t strengthen, because it’s not clear that the author cares about non-human organisms and how they are affected by waste.
c
Many of the █████ ██ █████ █████████████████████████ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ████ █████ ████ ███ ██████████ ██████████ ████ ███ ████ ███ █████ █████████
This doesn’t strengthen, because the distance between the injection sites and the industrial facilities from which the waste is taken has no relationship to the potential threat posed by waste that’s injected into deep wells. What matters is whether the waste might pollute drinking water.
d
The movement of ███████████ █████ ██ ████ ████ █████ ███ ████ ███████████ ████ ████ ██████████ ████████
This strengthens the author’s position by providing additional reason to believe that it’s difficult to predict how waste will flow underground. This adds evidence of
e
Methods of predicting ███ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███████████ █████ ████ █████████████ ████████ ██ ███ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ████████ █████
If anything, this undermines the author’s position by minimizing the unpredictability of underground water and waste flow.