Self-study
Support Bovine remains found in a certain region of Africa date back to a time when the climate was arid. █████ █████ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █████ █████ ████ ██ █████ █████ ███████ ██████ ███ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ █████████ ██ █████ ███████ █████ ████ ███████ █████ █████ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████ █████ ███████ ███ ████ ████████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████ ████ ██ ██████ ███████████ █████████████████
Summary
The author concludes that bovines in a certain region were domesticated, and that people in the region were no longer only hunter-gatherers. The author supports this by stating that the climate was arid, that there were no other large mammals, and that any natural sources of water would have brought other mammals to the area. Since this means that there were no natural sources of water, the author concludes that the bovines had to have been domesticated.
Notable Assumptions
The author concludes that because there were no natural sources of water, the bovines had to have been domesticated. The author assumes that bovines can’t exist non-domesticated where there aren’t natural water sources. But we’re not given information about bovine behavior — maybe bovines exist on very little water. Maybe people could give the bovines water without domesticating them.
3.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ████████
a
Unless they are █████████████ ███████ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ██ █ ██████ █████ █████ ███ ██ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ █████████ ██ █████
If bovines can exist non-domesticated without natural sources of water, then the author wouldn’t be able to conclude that the bovines were domesticated on the basis of there not having been natural sources of water.
b
Domesticating animals is ███ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ████ █ ███████ ████ █████ ██ █████ ██ ██████ ████ ███████ ███ █████████ ██ ████████████
It is necessary for the argument that if a society domesticates animals, then members aren’t exclusively hunter-gatherers. But this is definitionally true. The transition from hunting to agriculture, and where domesticating animals falls on this timeline, isn’t relevant.
c
With the help ██ ███████ █████ █████ ███████ █████ ████ ████ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ████ ███████
The argument is just about bovines. Whether or not other large mammals would have been able to inhabit the region doesn’t tell us anything about bovines and what it means for bovines that there weren’t natural sources of water.
d
No human culture ███████ ████ ████ ███████ ███████████ ███ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████████
The conclusion actually implies that there was a hybrid culture, since it states people were no longer exclusively hunter-gatherers. Either way, it wouldn’t affect the argument. The argument is just about what it means for bovines that there weren’t natural sources of water.
e
Domesticated animals of █ █████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ████ █████ ██ ██ ████ ███████ ██ ██████████ █████
This isn’t necessary. This is one potential explanation for how domesticated bovines could survive without natural sources of water whereas non-domesticated ones couldn’t — but it’s not the only one. There could easily be some other way that humans found water for their bovines.