Self-study
P1
Philosophers of science have long been uneasy with biology, preferring instead to focus on physics. ███
Phenomenon ·
Philosophers of science prefer physics to biology
Explanation ·
Because they mistrust uncertainty
Science is supposed to be about what is universally true. Hence, philosophers of science are interested in the fact that elephants and mice fall at the same rate but not why one is big and another small.
P2
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Biologists 1 ·
try to emulate physicists by asserting that laws of biology are universal too
E.g., all DNA evolves at a constant clocklike rate
Biologists 2 ·
question whether biology is universal
Perhaps historical contingency is necessarily a part of biology.
P3
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Illustration of Disagreement ·
"All planets move in ellipses" v. "All swans are white."
"All planets move in ellipses" is a truly universal claim. Its truth depends only on the laws of physics and hence apply to all planets that exist or could exist.
P4
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Biologists 1 ·
Universal interpretation
These biologists (determinists) claim that "All swans are white" is also universal. Because the laws of natural selection guarantee that outcome.
Biologists 2 ·
Non-universal interpretation
These biologists (nondeterminists) disagree. They interpret the claim as a matter of historical contingency, not as a necessary truth.
Conclusion ·
History of evolutionary theory is the history of struggle between these two competing views
Passage Style
Critique or debate
17.
Which one of the following ██████████ █████ ███████ ██ ████ ██████████ ████ ███ ████ ████ ██ ███████████ ███████████ ██ ████ ████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████████
a
The appearance of █ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █ ███████████ ██ ██████████ █████████ ███ ██████████ ███████
Anti-supported. Determinists reject the idea that chance plays a significant role in evolution. This is clear with the example of
b
The rate at █████ █████████████ ███████████████ ██ █ ███████ ██████ ██████████ ████ ██████████ ██ ███████████
Unsupported. We have no indication that determinists would believe this. For an Inference question like this, there should be text we can point to that establishes a relevant view of the author.
c
The causes of █ █████ ████████████ ██████████ ███ █████ ██ ██████████ ██ ██████████ ███████████
Unsupported. Biological determinists set out to explain evolutionary phenomena through universal laws, so they probably don’t think that the causes of these phenomena can never be understood.
d
The qualities that ██████ █ ███████ ████ ████ █████████ █████████ ██ ████ ███████ ████ ███ ███ ███ ████ ███████████
Unsupported. We have no indication that the determinists believe this. If anything, the example of
e
The chief physical ███████████████ ██ █ ███████ ███ ██████████ ████████████ ██ ███ ████ █████████ ███████ ██████████
This is clear from the