K, a research scientist, was accused of having falsified laboratory data. ββββββββ βββ ββββββββ ββββ ββ ββββββββ ββββ ββββββββββββ ββββ ββββ βββ ββββ ββββββ βββββββββββ ββββ ββββ ββββββββ βββ βββββββ ββββ ββ ββββ ββββ ββββββββββ ββββββββββ βββ ββββββββββ ββββββ ββ ββββββββββ
The author concludes that the accusation that K falsified data should be dismissed. His reasoning is that, although the data in question have disappeared, data from Kβs other experiments have been shown not to have been falsified.
The author erroneously assumes that because K did not falsify data in other experiments, she could not have done so in this one. But this is flawed reasoning: she could have been honest in the past yet dishonest here.
Which one of the following ββββββββ ββββββββββββ βββββββββ ββββ ββ ββββ βββββββ ββ ββββ ββ βββ ββββββββ ββββββ
L, an accountant, βββ βββββββ ββββ ββββββ βββββββββ βββββ ββββ β βββββββ βββ ββββββ ββββββ ββ ββββββββ ββββββββ βββββββ ββββββββ βββ βββββββ ββββ βββββ ββββββ ββββ ββββββββββββ ββββ ββββ ββββββββββ βββββββ ββ βββ βββββββ βββββββ ββββ βββββββ ββββ βββββ βββ βββββ ββββ βββ ββββββββββββ ββββ βββββ
M, a factory βββββββββββ βββ βββββββ ββ βββββββ ββ βββββββ ββββββ ββββββββββ ββββ ββββββββββ ββββββ ββ ββββββββββ βββββββ ββββββββ βββ ββββββββ ββ βββ βββββββ βββ βββ βββββββββ β ββββββ ββ βββββββ βββββββββ ββββββββ ββββ ββββ ββββββββββ ββ βββ βββββββββ ββββ βββββββββ
N, a social ββββββββββ βββ βββββββ ββββ βββββββββββ βββ ββββββ ββ βββββββ ββββββββββ βββββββ ββββββββ ββββββ ββββββββββββ βββββββ βββ ββββ βββ βββ ββββ ββ βββββββ βββββββ ββββ ββββ βββββββββββ βββ βββββ βββββββββ ββββ βββ βββββββ βββββ βββ ββββ βββ ββββββββββ
O, an auto βββββββββ βββ ββββ βββββββ ββ βββββββ ββββββ ββββ ββββββ βββ ββββββββββ βββββ ββ ββ βββββββββ βββββ ββββββββ ββ ββββββββ βββββ β ββββββββ ββ βββββ ββββββ βββ βββββββ ββ ββββββββββββ ββ βββ ββββ βββββ ββββββ ββ β ββ βββ βββββββ
P, a politician, βββ ββββ βββββββ ββ βββββββ ββ βββββββ βββ ββββββ βββββββββ ββββ ββ βββββ ββββ ββββββ ββ βββββ ββββββββ βββ ββββββββββ ββββ βββββββββββ ββ ββββββββββ ββββββ βββββββ βββββ ββ βββββββ ββββββββββββ βββββ βββββ βββ ββββββ ββββββββ βββββ