In the same boat, I'm guessing if you take the makeup test you have to forfit your original score without seeing it?

#help How do we know that the evolutionary pressure to increase the number of small goats as to ensure a diverse gene pool can't result from small goats achieving greater reproductive success? Are we supposed to infer this from the word "however"?

#help I'm really at a loss on this question. I noticed the pattern that you were describing, and I agree with the causal relationships (namely that the lower coritsol helps resist the PTSD), but I get lost when trying to decipher how this lower amount of cortisol is not caused by the exposure to a traumatic event. The argument's conclusion seems to be pretty easy to satisfy with its language ("can affect how much cortisol"), and given that it was the traumatic event that caused the resistance to the development of PTSD, I don't really see how this weakens the argument. I also understand that we're trying to attack the argument, not necessarily the conclusion, but I just don't see anything in the argument that is incompatible with this statement. In fact, the answer choice even says "as a result of experiencing a traumatic event". Are we supposed to read the conclusion to implicitly mean that the experience of a traumatic event is the thing that directly affects how much cortisol is produced? This seems to be a strange reading to me. Succinctly, the lowering of cortisol levels in order to resist PTSD would not be happening, but for the experience of a traumatic event.

Alternatively, my thinking with answer choice A introduces the possibility that there could be a medical condition that is more common for people who haven't experienced a traumatic event than with people who have experienced a traumatic event. Say that obesity is 10x more common in people who haven't experienced a traumatic event than people who have experienced a traumatic event, and that obesity can raise the level of cortisol a person produces in response to stress. I realize that this is a pretty weak case, but to me it still seems stronger than answer choice B, no matter how hard I try to understand.