ty for the tips, i had a diagnostic near yours so this is very helpful

@IsabellaP the psychiatrist's hypothesis acts like an implicit conclusion to their argument of the causal relationship- spending does not decrease a/d. the prediction is just applying their hypothesis to a possible situation, e.g. if students decreased their spending

@ogreen26 for me, I picked B because it eliminated an alternative hypothesis following the same formula as the stimulus: /heavy metals -> /resistant to heavy-metal poisoning -> /resistant to antibiotics. the stimulus was: heavy metals -> resistant to heavy-metal poisoning -> resistant to antibiotics.

@Maxxcool this is very helpful, thank you!

can someone explain the difference between B and D #help