In reference to this specific cheat sheet and flaws in general, it seems less about memorizing key phrases and more about understanding the concepts and exposing yourself to patterns in the stimulus + answer choices so that you can identify the right answer as quickly and effectively as possible.

I would put less pressure on yourself to remember fine details and instead take a step back to see patterns. For example, the more familiar you get with catching that an argument confused sufficiency for necessity, the quicker you'll be able to hunt for a correct answer that calls out a suff/necess. confusion. Same with all the other flaws.

I still don't understand how the conclusion can't be Most whales live on land if those 2 in your example are the premises. Mind explaining?