I am interested! Thank you!

We don't know which one is true. If we ASSUME your scenario is true, the argument is good. Thus the conclusion would be valid. There is a flaw in reasoning because we are forced to make an assumption to make the argument valid.

* The assumption is: Because professors grew up in households above the national average, they were raised in households above the national average.

Raised in a household vs. Grow up in a community. The professors can grow up in a community where the average income is higher than the national average. But that does not mean that professors were raised in a household where the income is higher than the national average. The majority of professors can be raised in a lower income household but still live in the higher than average income community.

In the third paragraph, the author is countering the advocate's claim by stating that' [computer] conferences fall short of communities." He is making the claim that computer conferences cannot be thought of as communities.

Answer choice C says "counter the claim that [computer conferences cannot be thought of as communities.]" If the author were to counter "[computer conferences cannot be thought of as communities]," it would mean "the computer conferences can be thought of as communities.

This answer choice would actually support the advocate's claim and counter the author's claim. The author is not trying to counter his own claim in this paragraph, so it is incorrect.

Rather, the author uses "conferences can be both respectful and supportive" as support for his claim though conferences are similar in some aspects (respect & support), "conferences fall short of communities". (E)

You will use the front camera on your phone, so the image displays like a mirror. You will then point the screen towards your laptop, so the proctor can look at your laptop display/keyboard. They will also have you hold your laptop up and spin it around your room. I believe we are required to show all of this to limit cheating. I hope this helps. Good luck!