A certain credit-card company awards its customers bonus points for using its credit card. █████████ ███ ███ ███████████ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ████ ███████████ ██ ████ ██ ██████ █████ ████ ███ ██████████████ █████████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████████ ███████████ █████ ███ █████ ██████ █████ ████ ████ ████ █████ █████ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ████ ███████████ ██ ██████ ███████
The author concludes that customers spend less when they use credit card points to mail order merchandise than when they buy the same items in store. This is because when customers order items using points, the prices of those items are lower than the manufacturer's suggested retail prices (MSRP).
Since we're looking for a necessary assumption, we have to find any gaps where the author's conclusion doesn't necessarily follow from the premises—meaning reasons why the conclusion might be false even though the premises are true. In this case, that means we're looking for reasons why consumers might not pay less using points even though the merchandise is sold at lower prices than the MSRP.
One reason is that the author's conclusion is about the prices in the points catalogue versus retail prices, but the premises are only about suggested retail prices. Since we don't know from the premises whether retailers actually follow the MSRP, the author must assume that retailers don't sell products for less than MSRP, at least not by enough to match the points catalogue prices.
Even if retail prices are actually higher than points catalogue prices, we also don't know that the price of the item is the only cost involved. If there are significant shipping fees or other costs to mail-order these products, then consumers might not spend less using points even if the face price of each item is lower. So the author also has to assume that purchasing by mail order doesn't have extra costs that outweigh the price difference.
We've identified two necessary assumptions, but the correct answer doesn't have to include both (or indeed either) of them. We're not trying to make the argument valid—that's too high of a bar. So as long as the correct answer targets one single necessary assumption, that's good enough. It can even identify a necessary assumption that we haven't anticipated.
Which one of the following ██ ██ ██████████ ██ █████ ███ ████████ ████████
The merchandise that ███ ██ ███████ ██ ████ █████ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ █████ ███████████ █████████ ████ █████ █████ ███████
The only comparison that’s relevant to the argument is between the cost of an item when mail-ordered with points and the cost of the same item when purchased in a store. It's not necessary for those items to never be sold at a lower price, so we don't need any assumptions about other credit-card companies' points offerings.
The bonus points ██████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ███████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██ █████ ████ ███████████ ████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ████████ ██ ██████ ███████
The author only compares the prices of the same items between the points catalogue and retail stores. Information about items that aren't available in either of these locations isn't necessary to determining whether mail-ordering using bonus points is cheaper than buying the same items in a retail store.
The credit-card company ████ ███ ███████ ███ █████████ ██ ██████████ █ █████ ██████ ██ █████ ██████ ██████ ████████ ████████ ██ █████ ███████████ ██ ██████ █████ ████ ███ ██████████████ █████████ ██████ ██████
The conclusion is limited to customers using the points; whether or not there are eligibility requirements for the points doesn't change the prices for those who meet the requirements. The argument doesn’t rely on any assumption about how difficult it is to obtain points, it's just about the benefits once the points are actually used.
The amount credit-card █████████ ███ ███ ████████ ███ ███████████ ███████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ████████ ███ ██████ █████████ █████ ██ ██ ██████ ███████ ████ ████ █████ █████ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ████ ███████████ ██ ██████ ███████
The author's conclusion is about the overall cost to customers, so (D) must be true for the overall mail-order prices to be lower than retail prices. We can see this with negation: if (D) weren’t true, then shipping costs would make mail-ordering with points more expensive overall than purchasing the same item from a store.
The merchandise available ██ ███ █████████ ███████████ █████████ █████ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ██████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████ ██ ██████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ██████████████ █████████ ██████ ███████
(E) is tricky because it's too strong. To be sure, (E) strengthens the argument but that's not the standard for the correct answer and in fact being strong renders (E) unnecessary.
A necessary assumption would be that retailers don't sell items so far below MSRP that they cost less in-store than using points, but that's not what (E) says. (E)'s version, that retailers sell items at prices higher than MSRP, goes way beyond what's actually necessary. Even if retailers sold items exactly as MSRP, that wouldn't hurt the argument at all.