PT102.S1.P4.Q23

PrepTest 102 - Section 1 - Passage 4 - Question 23

Hide analysis
P1

Scientists typically advocate the analytic method of studying complex systems: systems are divided into component parts that are investigated separately. ███

Scientists' perspective · Analytic method
For complex systems, divide into component parts and study each part.
███ ██████████████████ ███████ ██ ████ ██████ ███████ ████ ████ █ ████████ █████ ███ ████████ ███ ██████████ █████ ██ ██ █████ ███
Critics' perspective · System loses complexity when parts are studied separately
██ ███████ ███ █████████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████ █████ ███████ ███ ███████ █ ███████ ██████ ███████████ █████ ███████ ████ ███ █████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ██ ███ █████ ███ ████ ███ █████ ██ █ █████ ███ ███████████████

Critics' new concept · Organicism
The whole determines the parts, and the parts are interdependent. ("Perceived" weaknesses suggests author will later say these weaknesses in analytic method were not real.)
P2

██████████ ████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ██████████ █████ ██████ ████ █████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ████████ █████ ███ ████ ████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ █████████████ ████ █████ ████ ██████ ██ ██ ██████ ██████ ██ █ ████████████ ████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ████████ ██ █ ████████████ ███████ ████ █████████████ ███ █████ ███████ ███ █████████ ███ ██████ █████ ██ ███████████████ ██ █████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ████████████████ ████ ██ ██ ████████ █████████████ ████████ ██████████ █ ████████ ██████████████ ██ ███ ███████

Basis of organicism · Theory of internal relations
Entities have relationships with each other only if they're part of a whole that contains the entities. Relationships alter each entity, and relationships determine defining characteristics of an entity.
P3

███ ███████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ █████████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ██████████ ██ ██ ██████ ███ ████████ ████████████████ ████████ ██████████ ███ ████████████ ██████████████████████ ██ ████ ███ ██████ ████████ █████ ████████ ████ ███ █████████ ███ ████████ █████████ █████ ████ ██ ██ ██ ████████ ████ █████ ████████████ ████ █████ ██ ██████ ██████ ██████████ ████ ██████████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ██ ███ ███████████ ████ ████ ████ ███████████████ ████ ██████ ███ ███████ ██ ██ ████████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ████ █ ████████████ ███ ██████ ███████████ ██████████

Critique of internal relations theory · Not all characteristics of an entity define that entity
Entities can have relationships that don't change the entities.
P4

███ ████████ ██████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ █████████ ██ ████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████████ ██ █████████ ███████████ ██ █████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████████ ███ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██ ████ █████ ██ █████ ██ ██ █ █████ █████ ██████ ████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██████ ███ ██████ ███ ██ ██████ ████ █████ ██ ██ █ ████████████ ██████████ ██ ████████

Additional critique of internal relations theory · Makes acquiring knowledge impossible
According to the theory, to known an entity, you have to know all of its relationships. But that seems impossible to do.
P5

████████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ █████████ ███ ████████ ███████ ███████████ ██████████ ███ ████ ████ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████ ████████ ███ █████████ █████ ██ █ ███████ ████ █████ ██████████ ████ ███ ████ ██████████ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ███ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████ ████ ███ ███ █████ █████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ █ ██████ ███

Origin of organicism · Didn't understand the analytic method
Analytic method doesn't involve studying individual parts in complete isolation from the whole. Scientists still studied laws and initial conditions of the whole system.
█████ ███████████ ██████ ██ █████████ █████ ████ █████ ████████ ███ ████████ ██ ████ ████ ████ ███ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ███████ ██████ ██ ███████████ ██████ ███████████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████ ███ █████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████ ██ █ ███████████ ███ ███

Main point · Rejection of organicism
No valid reason to abandon analytic method. Organicists didn't show that we can't discover the laws and initial conditions of complex systems.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Show answer
23.

According to the passage, organicists' █████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████ ███ ████ ███ ██████

a

oversimplified systems by █████████ █████ ██████████

This is stated in the first paragraph, when the author describes what the organicists see as the weakness of the analytic method.

80%
b

assumed that a ██████ ███ ██ ███████ ████ █████████ █████

While this is true of the analytic method, this is not what the organicists object to. The organicists do not object to the idea that systems can be divided; they object to studying systems this way.

5%
c

ignored the laws ██████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █ █████

Unsupported. The organicists do say that the analytic method causes some complexity to be lost, but the organicists never comment on whether the analytic system address the laws applicable to the system as a whole. The organicists overlook this aspect of the analytic method.

10%
d

claimed that the █████ ██ █ ██████ ███ ████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ ██ █ █████

This is not a claim that the proponents of the analytic system ever made, so it is not something that the organicists objected to.

4%
e

denied the claim ████ ████████ █████ ████ █████████████

Similar to (D), this is not a claim that the proponents of the analytic system ever made, so it is not something that the organicists objected to.

2%

Confirm action

Are you sure?