PT104.S2.P2.Q9

PrepTest 104 - Section 2 - Passage 2 - Question 9

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P1

By the mid-fourteenth century, professional associations of canon lawyers (legal advocates in Christian ecclesiastical courts, which dealt with cases involving marriage, inheritance, and other issues) had appeared in most of Western Europe, and a body of professional standards had been defined for them. ███

Intro topic · Professional associations of canon lawyers in the mid-14th century
These are lawyers in Christian religious courts. They had professional standards and were common in Western Europe.
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Puzzling phenomenon · The associations didn't have big role in enforcing professional standards
Some even tried to stop efforts to enforce standards (example: Florentine guild).
P2

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Two potential hypotheses · Lawyers almost never violated standards, or disciplinary mechanisms were inefficient
P3

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Author's perspective · Disciplinary mechanisms were probably inefficient
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Support 1 · English civil courts (non-religious) have much more disciplinary action
Those courts had ethical standards similar to the religious courts. So, disparity in number of disciplinary actions is probably due to religious courts' inefficient enforcement mechanisms. It's unlikely that religious lawyers were simply much more unethical than civil lawyers.
P4

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Support 2 · Lots of complaints by church authorities about unethical lawyers and inefficient disciplinary system
P5

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Result of complaints (related to support 2) · Induced religious lawyers to defend themselves from criticism
Complaints may have encouraged lawyers to form professional associations and to de-prioritize disciplining fellow lawyers.
Passage Style
Phenomenon-hypothesis (RC)
Single position
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9.

The author refers to the ██████████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ████ ████████ ██ █████ ██

a

introduce a theory █████ ██ ██ ████████

The reference to the Florentine guild doesn’t “introduce” a theory. It provides support for the previous line.

2%
b

illustrate the type ██ ██████ ████████ ██ ██ ███ ████████ ████████

The Florentine guild reference illustrates the action referred to in the previous sentence — the guild attempted to stop efforts at enforcing disciplinary rules.

94%
c

underline the universality ██ █ ██████ █████████ ██████████ ███ █████████

The author doesn’t indicate that what the Florentine guild did was “universal.” It’s just one example of how “some” guilds tried to stop enforcement of disciplinary rules.

2%
d

point out a ████ ██ ██ ████████ █████████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████

The Florentine guild is used as support for the author’s own view. There is no flaw pointed out in an argument earlier in P1.

2%
e

rebut an anticipated █████████ ██ █ ██████ ████ ████████

The Florentine guild is used as support for the author’s own view. There is no objection raised to the idea that some associations tried to stop enforcement of disciplinary rules.

1%

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