Self-study
P1
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. █ ██████ ██ ██████
Author's perspective ·
What we view as "cultures" are influenced by human biases and purposes
Present purposes affect the national identities we make from the past.
Example 1 ·
European accounts of Greek civilization ignored African and Eastern roots
This was done to support image of European cultural dominance.
P2
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Example 2 ·
Manufacturing and reinterpreting rituals and traditions
Europeans co-opted traditions of colonized people to portray legitimacy of European power. (Example: Queen Victoria and jamborees of India. The jamborees celebrated her rule, as if her rule was based on traditional custom.)
P3
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Example 3 ·
Colonized cultures also manufacture images about pre-colonial past
During wars of independence from their colonial occupiers, native cultures often create idealized images of what culture was like before colonization. (Example: Algeria.)
P4
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Author's takeaway ·
"Culture" is influenced by many things, including foreign elements
Passage Style
Single position
16.
The author's attitude toward the
Question Type
Author’s attitude
Implied
The author’s attitude toward those studies is agreement. The author devote the bulk of the passage to giving examples supporting the studies’ argument.
a
overall agreement with █████ ██████████ █████ ██████████ ██ ████████ ████████
This best captures the attitude as explained above.
b
reservation over their █████████████ ████ ███████████
The author never expresses reservation over the subject of the studies.
c
skepticism toward the █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████ ████
The author doesn’t express skepticism toward the studies.
d
concern that they ████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████ ███████
The author never expresses any concern about failure to explain ancient Greek culture.
e
unqualified disagreement with █████ ██████████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████████
The studies do not insist that cultures are monolithic.