Self-study
Passage A.
P1
██ ███████ ███████ █████████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ ████████ █████████ ██ ███████ █████████ ██ █ ████ ████ ███████ ███
Phenomenon ·
Honeybees can recruit nestmates to food source
How do they do it?
Hypothesis ·
By "dancing"
Note that the passage explicitly says that Aristotle didn't make this connection. He merely noted that honeybees "dance" for their nestmates but did not hypothesize that the "dance" was the means of communication.
Evidence ·
Dance deciphered
von Frisch figured out how to read the dance and was able to locate where food was.
Questions ·
What's the mechanism?
P2
██ ███ ██████ ██████ ███ ████ ████ ██████████ █████████████ ████ ███████ █████████ ████ █████████████ ███████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ████ ████ ████ ███████████ ████ ███████████ ████████ ████ ████ █████ ███████ ███ █████ ███████ ██ ███████████ ███████████ ████ ██ ██████████ ████ ██████ ███ ██ ████ ████ ████ ██████████ ██████████ ████████ ████ █████████ ████ ████████ ██ ███ █████ ████████ ███████████ ███
Hypothesis ·
Wing vibrations
This would explain how bees can communicate in darkness but scientists (mistakenly) thought bees lacked hearing so this hypothesis was not taken seriously.
Hypothesis ·
Smell
P3
███ █████ ███ █████ ████ ████████ ███ ████████ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███ ███ ████████ ████████ █████████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ █████ ██████████████ ███
Counter Evidence ·
For smell hypothesis
Bees can send other bees to new locations which shouldn't be possible if ordor was the means of communication.
Evidence ·
For wing vibration hypothesis
Bee robot could effectively simulate dance through sounds
███████ █
P4
███ ███████ ███████████ ██ ████ ██████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ ████████████ ████████ ███
Context ·
All animals communicate
Main Point ·
But only some communicate symbolically
Example ·
Vervet monkeys
Experiment demonstrated that they have different alarm calls for snakes versus eagles.
P5
████ ███ ██████ ███ █████ ██ █████ ███ ████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██████ █████ ██ █████████ ██ ███████████ ███ █████ ████████████ ██████████ ███ █████████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████ █████ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████████ ████ ████ ████ ██ █████████ █████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ █ ████ ███████ ███ ████ ███ ██████ ███ ███ ██ ██ ███
Example ·
Honeybees
Their dance is symbolically represents distance, direction, and quality of food source.
P6
█████ ██ ██ ████ ████ ████ ████ █ ██████ ███████ ███████ ████ ██ ███ █████████████ ██████ ████ ███ ████████████ █████████ █████ █████ ███████ ████████ ████ ██ ████ ████ ██ █ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ████ ████ ███████ ███████ ███ █████████ █████████████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███████████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ █ ██████
Example ·
Bees ignore some communications, suggesting symbolic communication
Experiment revealed that bees ignored dances that communicated information about presence of food in unlikely sources suggesting that communication in bees is symbolic and has a level of interpretation.
Passage Style
12.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ █ ████████████ ███████ ███ ███ █████████
Question Type
Describe relationship
This Describe Relationship question asks us to identify the relationship between the two passages. The answer choices for this question require an understanding of both passages, so we will approach this question after reading both passages.
a
Passage A discusses ███ ███████ █ ████████ ████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ███████ ██
This is not descriptively accurate. Passage A doesn’t reject a position that is put forth in passage B, so we can eliminate (A).
b
Passage A gives ███████ ████████ ██ █ ██████████ ███ █████ ███████ █ █████ ████ ███ ████████
This is not descriptively accurate. If the phenomenon in question is animal communication, then passage B gives several examples (bees and monkeys) and passage A only gives one example (honeybees)
c
Passage A is █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████ █ ██████████ ████ ███████ █ █████████ ██ ███████ ██ █ ████ ███████ ███████
This describes the relationship between the two passages. Passage A is concerned in its entirety with the phenomenon of honeybee dances; passage B discusses honeybee dances in support of the more general
d
Passage A proposes █ ██████████ ███████████ ███ █ ██████████ ████ ███████ █ ██████ ██████ ██ █████████ ██████████
Passage B does not argue that honeybee dances can’t be explained, so this is descriptively inaccurate.
e
Passage A provides █ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █ ██████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██
Honeybee dances aren’t the primary concern of passage B; passage B is more broadly interested in animal communication. (E) is descriptively inaccurate.