Self-study
P1
Having spent several decades trying to eliminate the unself-conscious "colonial gaze" characteristic of so many early ethnographic films, visual anthropologists from the industrialized West who study indigenous cultures are presently struggling with an even more profound transformation of their discipline. ███████ ███████████ █████ █████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████████ ███████ ███ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████████████ ██████ ████ █████ ██ ████████ █████ ███ █████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ██████ ███████ ███████████████ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████
Potential problem ·
Indigenous peoples are documenting their own cultures using video equipment
Will this bring back something similar to the "colonial gaze" that plagued early ethnographic films?
P2
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Weiner's perspective ·
Video technology spreads Western values and damages indigenous cultural identity
P3
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Ginsburg's perspective ·
Indigenous people can use Western media without being dominated by Western culture
Although using Western objects will have an effect on culture, that doesn't mean using cameras will automatically turn indigenous people into Westerners. Cameras can even benefit indigenous cultures by strengthening native languages and traditions.
P4
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Author's support of Ginsburg ·
Turner's work in Brazil supports Ginsburg
Details of Turner's findings ·
Kayapo's use of video integrates with Kayapo culture
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Problem-analysis
3.
Which one of the following ██ ████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ██ █████ ██ ████████ ██████████ █████████████ ██ ████ ███ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ████ ██████████
Question Type
Analogy (RC)
We’re looking for an analogy to the Kayapo’s use of video to document ceremonial performances, as that use is described in the last paragraph. The point made by the Kayapo’s use of these video recordings was that the Kayapo’s use of the camera, which was a Western technology, wasn’t transforming their own non-Western culture in a negative way. This point was made by showing that the recordings of the ceremonies embodied elements of the ceremonies themselves. A very abstract version of this point is that one can use something new without having that thing hurt what’s already there. Let’s see which answer best matches this principle.
a
As various groups ████ █████████ ██ █████ ████████ ████ ████ ███████ █████ ████████ ██████████ ████ ████ ███ ███████ ███████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ █████ ████████
(A) has the element of incorporating something new – immigrants are bringing new traditions to North American cooking. But the new traditions “altered” the cooking practices. (A) would be more attractive if it said that the new traditions did not change the existing North American practices.
b
In the 1940s, █████ ████████ █████████ ████████████ ███████ ████████ ████████ ████ ███████████████ ███ █████████ ████ █████ █████ ███ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ █████ ████████ ██████
(B) involves introducing something new. Latin American composers started to use jazz instrumentation and harmonies inspired by music from a different culture. Did those new musical elements change Latin American music? (B) tells us that Latin American composers “remained faithful” to their own musical traditions. That’s close to saying that there wasn’t significant change in something that was originally there.
c
Some writers are ██████████ ████ ███ ███████████ ██████ ██ ███ ████████ ████ █████████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████ ███ ███████ █████████ ██████████ ████ ████ █████████ ██ ████ █████████
(C) involves predictions that something new will “reshape” what’s already existing. But we don’t want an answer that suggests the new thing will change what’s already there. (C) would be more attractive if it said that the Internet, despite being new, will not reshape fiction, but rather help writers produce narratives that reflect what already exists within fiction.
d
In the late ██████ ████ ███████ █████████ ████████ █████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██ ████████ ████ ████████ ████████ ████ ████ ███████ ██ ███ █████ ███ ██████
Does imitating something old count as introducing something new? Not sure. Maybe. But even if that’s the case, (D) doesn’t tell us whether bringing back the old trend has changed anything. We’re looking for an example involving use of a new thing that doesn’t change what’s originally there.
e
Early in the █████████ ████████ ████ ████████████ ████████ ███████ ████████ ███ ████████████████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ████████ ███ █████ ██ ███████ █████ ████████ ██ ██████████ ███████████
Bringing surrealist elements from literature to artwork sounds like using something new. But, (E) doesn’t tell us whether those surrealist elements changed anything. (E) would be more attractive if it said that those surrealist elements integrated with themes that already existed in European art and did not change them.