Self-study
When the Pinecrest Animal Shelter, a charitable organization, was in danger of closing because it could not pay for important repairs, its directors appealed to the townspeople to donate money that would be earmarked to pay for those repairs. █████ ████ █████ ████ ██████████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ ███ ███ ████████ ███ █████████ ████ ██ ██████ ███ ███████ █████ ██ █████ ██████ █████████ ███ ██████ █████ ███ ███ █████████ ██████ ██████ ██████████ ████ █████ ███ ████ ███ ██████████
Summary
The author concludes that before giving surplus donation money to other animal shelters, the directors of the Pinecrest shelter should get permission from the people who made the donations.
Why?
Because after asking the townspeople to donate money to repair Pinecrest shelter, more money came in than was ultimately used for the repairs.
Notable Assumptions
We’re looking for a principle that would help justify the reasoning of the argument, but also places the least restriction on what the directors do with the surplus money. Here’s a principle that might work:
If you asked someone to donate money for a particular purpose, you should ask for permission before using the money they donated for a different purpose.
20.
Which one of the following ███████████ ██ ██████ ████ █████ ██ ███████ ███ ████████ █████████ █████ ███ ███ ██████ ███ █████ ███████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ █████ ██ █████████ ██ ██████████ ██████████████
a
The directors of ██████████ █████████████ ██████ ████████ ████████ █████████ █████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ █████ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ████████████ █████████ ███ █████ ██ ████████
Too restrictive. It would prevent the directors of Pinecrest from using the surplus money for other shelters, because the directors did not specifically identify that money as going toward other shelters in advance.
b
People who solicit ██████████ █████████ ████ ███ ██████ ███ █ ████████ █████ ██████ █████ ███ █████ ████ ██ ████ █████ ███ ██ ████ ███████ ███████████ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██████ ██ ███ ███████
(B) supports the reasoning by requiring the directors of Pinecrest to get permission from the donors to use the surplus money for other shelters. It’s not too restrictive compared to other answers, in that it doesn’t require the directors to return the money and it doesn’t stop the directors from using the money.
c
Directors of charitable █████████████ ███ ███████ █████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ████ █████ ██ ████████ ████ ███ ███████████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ███ ███████
Too restrictive, because it would require the directors of Pinecrest to return all of the surplus money.
d
Donors of money ██ ██████████ █████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ █████ █████████████ ███ ██████████████ ██ ██████████ ███ █████ ████████ ██ ███████ ████████ █████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ████████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████████████ ███ ████
Too restrictive, because (D) would have the donors making the direct decisions about how to use the money. If the donors can’t delegate these decisions, then the donors can’t give permission to the directors to use the money for particular purposes. The donors themselves must make the decisions. This prevents the directors from deciding to give the money to other shelters.
e
People who contribute █████ ██ ██████████ █████████████ ██████ ██ ██████████ ██ ██ ███████ █████ █████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ █████ █████████████ ██ ███ ███ █████ ██████ █████████ ██ ████████ ████████████ █████ ██████
(E) doesn’t justify requiring directors to obtain permission from the people who made the donations. According to (E), once the donations were made, the directors had the authority to use the money for whatever they thought wise.