Self-study
P1
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. █████ ████ ████████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ███████ ███ ███ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████ ██ ████████████ ███████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██ █████████ ██████████████████ ██████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ███████████ ███ ███
Intro topic ·
Hippocratic oath as basis of medical ethics
Oath to act in patients' best interests and adopt standards of professional conduct
Criticism 1 ·
Oath is outdated, oath's rules too inflexible
Criticism 2 ·
Oath undermines patient privacy and autonomy
Criticism 3 ·
Oath interferes with access to care
Requires doctors to prioritize individual patient needs over broader societal considerations. Also limits role of market forces in driving quality and availability of care.
Criticism 4 ·
Oath overlooks important considerations
Human experimentation, connection between doctors and other health care providers
Criticism 5 ·
Oath's origins are uncertain
Perhaps oath wasn't always widely accepted
P2
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Rebuttal to crticism 5 ·
Oath's origins are irrelevant
Doctors have long since agreed with oath's principles
Rebuttal to criticisms 1-4 ·
Oath still necessary despite those criticisms
Solution ·
Keep oath's core value while reforming other, less essential aspects
Example of solution ·
Oath previously reinterpreted to allow surgery
Passage Style
Critique or debate
10.
The author's primary purpose in ███ ███████ ██ ██
a
affirm society's continuing ████ ███ █ ████ █████████ ███████ ██████████
This is the best answer. The author focuses on defending the Hippocratic oath from major changes or abandonment. So it’s fair to say the author’s purpose is to affirm society’s continuing need for the Hippocratic oath.
b
chastise critics within ███ ███████ █████████ ███ ███████ ████████████████ ██ █ ████ █████████ ███████ ██████████
The author isn’t entirely against reinterpretation; so it isn’t fair to describe the author’s purpose as criticizing people who support reinterpretation of parts of the oath. The author does criticize the view that the oath should be dramatically changed or abandoned. But this author does not criticize the view that we should be open to some reinterpretation of the oath.
c
argue that historical ██████ █████ ███ ██████ ██ █ ███████ ████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ██████████████
This is too narrow to be the primary purpose of the passage. The author’s rebuttal of the argument concerning doubts about the origin of the oath is simply
d
outline the pros ███ ████ ██ ████████ █ ████ █████████ ███████ ██████████
This is too neutral; the author defends the oath. The purpose isn’t to lay out the pros and cons. The author has a strongly positive view of the oath and wants to keep it.
e
propose a revision ██ █ ████ █████████ ███████ ██████████ ████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ █████████████ ██ ██████ █████
The author does not propose any particular revisions of the code. Although the author is