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passage 2
P1
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. █████ ████ ████████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ███████ ███ ███ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████ ██ ████████████ ███████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██ █████████ ██████████████████ ██████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ███████████ ███ ███
Intro topic ·
Hippocratic oath as basis of medical ethics
Oath to act in patients' best interests and adopt standards of professional conduct
Criticism 1 ·
Oath is outdated, oath's rules too inflexible
Criticism 2 ·
Oath undermines patient privacy and autonomy
Criticism 3 ·
Oath interferes with access to care
Requires doctors to prioritize individual patient needs over broader societal considerations. Also limits role of market forces in driving quality and availability of care.
Criticism 4 ·
Oath overlooks important considerations
Human experimentation, connection between doctors and other health care providers
Criticism 5 ·
Oath's origins are uncertain
Perhaps oath wasn't always widely accepted
P2
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Rebuttal to crticism 5 ·
Oath's origins are irrelevant
Doctors have long since agreed with oath's principles
Rebuttal to criticisms 1-4 ·
Oath still necessary despite those criticisms
Solution ·
Keep oath's core value while reforming other, less essential aspects
Example of solution ·
Oath previously reinterpreted to allow surgery
Passage Style
Critique or debate
9.
The passage cites which one ██ ███ █████████ ██ █ █████ ██ ███ █████ ██ ███ ███████████ ████ ████ ██████ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██ ████ ██████████
a
creation of a █████████ ██ ██████████ ████ ███ █████ ████████ ███ ████████
b
constant improvement and ███████████ ██ ███████ ███████
c
provision of medical ████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ██ ███
d
physician action for ███ ███████ ██ ████████
e
observance of established █████ █████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ███████████ ████████ ██████