By the mid-fourteenth century, professional associations of canon lawyers (legal advocates in Christian ecclesiastical courts, which dealt with cases involving marriage, inheritance, and other issues) had appeared in most of Western Europe, and a body of professional standards had been defined for them. ███
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The author would be most ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ █████████ ███ ██████████ ████ ████████ █████ ███████ ████████ █████████ ██ ████████████ ███████ █████████████
It is untrue ███████ ██ ██ ████████████ ██ █████████ ████████ ████ ███ ██████████████ ███████
Not supported for several reasons. First, it’s too strong – the author doesn’t assert that the hypothesis is “untrue” or contradicted. She does think it’s less “plausible” than an alternative hypothesis, but this doesn’t rise to the level of claiming that it’s not true or contradicted. Although the sources claim that medieval lawyers engaged in misconduct, this is simply evidence of misconduct; the claims could be mistaken or there could be some reason one might find them unpersuasive.Second, it’s not clear that the “church records” in P4 are records from courts.
It is unlikely ███████ ██ █████████ ████████ ████████ █████████ ████ ████████ ████████ ██ ███ ████ █████████ ██ ██████ ████████
Not supported, because the author doesn’t cite to modern behavior to criticize the hypothesis.
It is unlikely ███████ ██ █████████ ████████ ████████ █████████ ████ ████████ ████████ ██ █ ███████ ████ ██ ████████ ████████
Supported. In P3, the author makes the point that there were many more examples of disciplinary actions against lawyers in civil law courts (this is behavior observed in a similar area of medieval society). The author thinks this shows that canon lawyers probably also engaged in misconduct, particularly because
It is impossible ██ ██████ █████████████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ███ ██████████████ ██████████
Not supported, because the author cites evidence to suggest the hypothesis is less plausible than the alternative. So clearly the author thinks we can assess the hypothesis.
It is directly █████████ ██ █████████ ████████ ████ █████ ███ ██████████████ ███████
Anti-supported. The author doesn’t think the hypothesis is likely to be true.
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