Self-study
P1
The moral precepts embodied in the Hippocratic oath, which physicians standardly affirm upon beginning medical practice, have long been considered the immutable bedrock of medical ethics, binding physicians in a moral community that reaches across temporal, cultural, and national barriers. █████ ████ ████████ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ████ ██████████ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ███ ███████ ███ ███ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ █████████ ██ ████████████ ███████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██ █████████ ██████████████████ ██████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████ ███ ████████ ██████ ███████████ ███ ███
Intro topic ·
Hippocratic oath as basis of medical ethics
Oath to act in patients' best interests and adopt standards of professional conduct
Criticism 1 ·
Oath is outdated, oath's rules too inflexible
Criticism 2 ·
Oath undermines patient privacy and autonomy
Criticism 3 ·
Oath interferes with access to care
Requires doctors to prioritize individual patient needs over broader societal considerations. Also limits role of market forces in driving quality and availability of care.
Criticism 4 ·
Oath overlooks important considerations
Human experimentation, connection between doctors and other health care providers
Criticism 5 ·
Oath's origins are uncertain
Perhaps oath wasn't always widely accepted
P2
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Rebuttal to crticism 5 ·
Oath's origins are irrelevant
Doctors have long since agreed with oath's principles
Rebuttal to criticisms 1-4 ·
Oath still necessary despite those criticisms
Solution ·
Keep oath's core value while reforming other, less essential aspects
Example of solution ·
Oath previously reinterpreted to allow surgery
Passage Style
Critique or debate
8.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██ ███ ████████ █████████ ██ ███ ████████
Question Type
Describe organization
Structure
Think back to your low-res summary to help answer this question. P1 starts by telling us about the Hippocratic oath. Then we get the view of critics of the oath. In P2, the author rebuts the critics’ argument and recommends what we should do with the oath.
a
A general principle ██ ██████████ ██████████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ █████ ███ █████████████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ ████ ██ █████ ██ █████ ███████████
(A) goes wrong at the end. The author doesn’t “modify” the oath in light of the criticisms presented in the first paragraph. The author instead advocates for keeping the core value of the oath while being open to minor adaptations. The example at the end involving a reinterpretation of the phrase “cutting for the stone” is not an example of the author’s modification of the oath. It’s an example of how we already engage in reinterpretation of the oath. But the author never suggests any particular modifications that should be made to the oath.
b
A set of ██████████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ████████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ███ ██████████
The author doesn’t “consider and dismiss” replies to the criticisms in P1. The author is the one who brings up replies to the criticism; it wouldn’t make sense for the author to dismiss her own reply to the criticism.
c
The history of █ ███████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████████ ███ █████████ █████████ ███ ███ ████ ██ ████████ ██ █ █████████
The author doesn’t “modify” the oath in light of the criticisms presented in the first paragraph. The author instead advocates for keeping the core value of the oath while being open to minor adaptations. The example at the end involving a reinterpretation of the phrase “cutting for the stone” is not an example of the author’s modification of the oath. It’s an example of how we already engage in reinterpretation of the oath. But the author never suggests any particular modifications that should be made.
d
A general principle ██ ███████████ █ ███████ ███████ ██ ████ █████████ ██ ██████████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ █████████ ███ █████████ ███ █████████
The author doesn’t “formulate” (create) a general principle. The passage concerns a principle that has already been formed (the Hippocratic oath).
e
The tradition surrounding █ ███████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██████████ ██ ████ ████ ███ ██████████ ███ █ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ██ ██████████
This best captures the organization. The tradition surrounding the Hippocratic oath is discussed (beginning of P1), critics’ view of the oath is mentioned (end of P1), and the author rebuts that criticism (P2).