Self-study
In older commercial airplanes, the design of the control panel allows any changes in flight controls made by one member of the flight crew to be immediately viewed by the other crew members. ██ ████████ ████████████ █████████ ████████ █ ████ ████████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ ███████ ███████████ █ ███████ █████ ███ ██████████ ████████ █████████████ ██ █ ███████ ███ ██████ █████ █████████ ████████ ████████████ █████████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ ████████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ████ ████ ███████████
Summary
In older commercial airplanes, flight crew members could immediately see changes made in the plane’s flight control panel. However, in newer airplanes these changes are harder for crew members to see, therefore eliminating a means for cross-checks. As a result, flight crews operating newer airplanes must verbally inform each other about control panel changes much more often.
Strongly Supported Conclusions
The frequency flight crew members must talk to each other about changes to a plane’s flight controls depends on what other means for communicating these changes are available.
14.
The statements above, if true, ████ ████████ ███████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
How frequently an ██████████ ██████ ████ ███████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ ████████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ ████ ██ ███ ████ ██ █████ ██ ███████ █████ ████████
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus how long it takes for crew members to make any changes to a flight’s control.
b
In recently manufactured █████████ ███ ████ ████████ █████ █████████ ███ ██████████ ████████████ ████████ ████████ ██████ █████████ ██ ███████████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ████████
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know from the stimulus whether the crew talking amongst themselves is “the most valuable means available” to them. There could exist other methods that weren’t mentioned and are more valuable.
c
In older commercial ██████████ ██ ████████ ██ ████████ ████████████ ██████████ ██████ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ ██ ████████ ███████████ ████████ █████ ██████ ███████ ████████
This answer is unsupported. We don’t know that crew members had no need to talk to each other in older airplanes. We only know from the stimulus that in newer airplanes, crew members must talk to each other more often.
d
The flight crew ███████ █████████ █ ████████ ████████████ ████████ ██████ ███████ ███ ██████ ███████ ███████ ████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████ ██████
This answer is unsupported. We only know from the stimulus that, in newer airplanes, changes to the control panel are harder for crew members to see. Harder to see does not imply that these changes are impossible to see.
e
How often flight ████ ███████ ████ █████ ███████████ ████████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ███████ ██ ████ ██ ████ █████ █████ ███ ██████████ ████████████ ███ █████████ ██ ███ █████
This answer is strongly supported. The change in crew member’s ability to directly see changes in a flight’s control panel caused the crew members to talk with each other more frequently.