Self-paced
Support Cyclists in the Tour de France are extremely physically fit: all of the winners of this race have had abnormal physiological constitutions. ███████ ██ ███ ████████ ██████████ ██ █████ ████████ ███ ███████████ ████ ████████ ███ █████████████ ████████ ███████ █████ █████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██████ ███ ███ ██████ ██ █████████████ ████████ ██████ ████ ███████ █████ ██████████ ████ ███████████ ████ █████████
Summarize Argument
The author concludes that last year’s Tour de France winner must have exceptional lung capacity. This is based on the fact that all winners of the race have had abnormal physiologies. Typical abnormalities among these winners are exceptional lung capacity and exceptionally powerful hearts. Last year’s winner didn’t have an exceptionally powerful heart.
Identify and Describe Flaw
The author assumes that winning the Tour de France requires having an exceptional lung capacity or exceptionally powerful heart. This overlooks the possibility that one can win the Tour de France without either of those qualities. We know that these qualities are “typical” among winners, but that doesn’t mean every winner has to have an exceptionally powerful heart or exceptional lung capacity.
19.
The reasoning in the argument ██ ████ ██████████ ██ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ███████████ ████
a
having exceptional lung ████████ ███ ██ █████████████ ████████ █████ ██ ██ █████████ ██ ███████
This possibility doesn’t undermine the argument’s reasoning. The author may agree that these qualities give one an advantage in cycling.
b
some winners of ███ ████ ██ ██████ ████ ███████ ███████████ ████ ████████ ███ █████████████ ████████ ██████
This possibility, if true, shows that last year’s winner doesn’t have to have an exceptional lung capacity. It’s possible that they had neither an exceptionally powerful heart nor exceptional lung capacity.
c
cyclists with normal ████ ████████ ██████ ████ █████████████ ████████ ██████
This possibility doesn’t undermine the argument, because it doesn’t relate to whether someone without an exceptionally powerful heart will have an exceptional lung capacity.
d
the exceptional lung ████████ ███ █████████████ ████████ ██████ ██ ████ ██ ██████ ███████ ███ ███ ██ ████████
This possibility doesn’t undermine the argument. The author could agree that these features are due to training.
e
the notions of ███████████ ████ ████████ ███ ███████████ █████ ████████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ ████ ████████
The author concludes that last year’s winner has exceptional lung capacity. Whether this is relative to most cyclists doesn’t change the fact that the author still believes last year’s winner has exceptional lung capacity, because they don’t have an exceptionally powerful heart.