Self-study
Scientist: Conclusion There is little doubt that the ice ages were caused by the unusually rich growth of vegetation worldwide. █████ ██████████ ████████ ██████ ███████ ████ ███████ █████████ ██████████ █████ ████ ████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████████ ██████ ███████ █████ ███ ██████████ ██████ ███ █████ █████ █████ ██ ████ ██████ ███████ ██ █████████ ███ █████ █████ ██████████████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The scientist confidently claims that the ice ages were caused by widespread, unusually rich growth of vegetation. His reasoning is that vegetation converts oxygen into CO2. CO2 retains heat. Excess vegetation caused a reduction in CO2, causing the earth to cool due to a lack of heat retention. This cooling caused the ice ages.
Identify Conclusion
The conclusion is the scientist’s explanation for the ice ages: “There is little doubt that the ice ages were caused by the unusually rich growth of vegetation worldwide.”
13.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████████ ██ ███ ███████████ █████████
a
Excessive growth of ██████████ █████████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ██ ████ ███ ████ ██ █████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████████
This is too weak to match the conclusion. The scientist claims that the excessive growth of vegetation almost definitely caused all of the ice ages.
b
If the carbon ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ █████████ ███ █████ █████ ██████████████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ████
This is part of the causal explanation that shows how excessive vegetation would cause an ice age.
c
An excessive growth ██ ██████████ ██████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ██████████ ██ ██ █████████
This is also part of the chained explanation showing the process of how excessive vegetation would cause an ice age.
d
If unusually rich ██████ ██ ██████████ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ██ ███████████ ███ ██ ██ █████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████████
This “if” statement does not match the conclusion. The author definitively states that the phenomenon did happen, and it happened by this process.
e
Unusually rich growth ██ ██████████ █████████ ███ ██████ █████████ ███ █████ ██ ███ ███ █████
This accurately matches the strength and content of the conclusion. “Almost certainly” matches the author’s “there is little doubt” that this unusual vegetation growth caused the ice ages.