Self-study
Counselor: Support Hagerle sincerely apologized to the physician for lying to her. ██ ███████ ████ ██ █ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ ███████ ███████ ████ ███ ████ ███ ██ ████ ██ ███
Summary
The counselor concludes that Hagerle owes him a sincere apology. Why? Because she told the same lie to the counselor and the physician, and she sincerely apologized to the physician.
Notable Assumptions
The counselor thinks that Hagerle should apologize to him, but his premises never establish when someone owes someone else an apology. He just says she should apologize since she told him the same lie she told the doctor, and she already apologized to the doctor.
He’s assuming that if someone apologizes to one person for a lie, they should also apologize to anyone else they told the same lie to. To help justify his reasoning, we need a rule or principle that satisfies this assumption and confirms that Hagerle does indeed owe him an apology.
15.
Which one of the following ███████████ ██ ██████ ████ █████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████████ ██████████
a
It is good ██ █████████ ███ ██████ ████ █████████ █████ ██ █ ██████ ██ ███ ██ ███████ ██ █████ ██ ██████████
We actually don’t know whether Hagerle is capable of sincerely apologizing to the counselor. We also don’t know if lying to him was wrong. Regardless, the counselor’s conclusion is that Hagerle owes him an apology, not that it would be good for her to apologize to him.
b
If someone tells ███ ████ ███ ██ ███ █████████ ███████ ████ ███████ ██ █████ ████ ██ ██ ████ ██ ███████ ██████ ████ ████
Hagerle told the same lie to two people, but we still don’t know if she owes them an apology. (B) tells us that she either doesn’t owe either of them an apology, or she owes both of them an apology. This doesn’t justify the conclusion that she does owe the counselor an apology.
c
Someone is owed █ ███████ ███████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ██ ██ █ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ███ ███████ ████████ █ ███████ ███████ ███ ███ ████ ███ ████ ████ ████ ███████
The doctor has already received a sincere apology for the lie from Hagerle. So, if valid, (C) helps justify the conclusion that the counselor is owed a sincere apology for having been told the same lie by Hagerle.
d
If one is ███████ ██ █████████ ███████████ ██ ███████ ███ █████ ██ █████ ████ ███ ████ ████ ██████ ████ ██ ████████
This is the wrong trigger. We actually don’t know if Hagerle is capable of sincerely apologizing to the counselor. Just because she sincerely apologized to the doctor doesn’t mean she can sincerely apologize to the counselor. We still need to know if she owes him an apology.
e
A person should ███ █████████ ██ ███████ ███ ███████ █ ███ ██████ ██ ██ ███ ███ █████████ █████████ ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ███ █████
This addresses when someone should not apologize, but we need to establish when someone should apologize. Also, we don’t know if Hagerle can sincerely apologize to everyone that she lied to.