Self-study
Anthropologist: Many people think that if human language evolved, then something like it must be present in those species most closely related to humans, such as chimpanzees. ████ ██████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ██████ ██████████ █████████ ████ █████ █████████ ██████ ███████ ████ █████ ██ ████ ███████ ████ █████ ██████ ████████ ████ ███████ ████ ██ ████████ ███ ██ ███████████ ███ ██ ██████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███████████ ████ ████████ ████ █████ █████████ ███████ ██████ ███ ███ ██████ ████ ████████████ █████ ███████████ ███ ██████ ███████ ███████ ██ ███████ ████ ██ ███████ ████ ███████ ████ █ ██████ █████████ ███ █████████ ██ █████ ████████ █████ ██████ ████ █████ █████ ███ ██████████ ██ ████ ██████ █████████
Summarize Argument: Counter-Position
Chimpanzees do not necessarily have human-like language because, contrary to popular belief, humans did not evolve directly from chimpanzees. Instead, both species evolved from a common ancestor. As a result, the development of language in humans could have occurred after the extinction of this common ancestor, which means chimpanzees would not have developed the same language as humans.
Identify Conclusion
Chimpanzees may not have a human-like language.
26.
Which one of the following ████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ████ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████████████ █████████
a
Humans did not ██████ ████ ████████████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ███████ ████████
This statement is a premise that counters the misconception that humans evolved from chimpanzees. It supports the author’s argument that because humans and chimpanzees did not evolve directly from one another, chimpanzees do not necessarily have human-like language.
b
The assumption that █████████ ████ █████ ████████ ████ █████ ██ ████ ███████ ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███ ██ ████████ ██████████ ████████████ ███ ████████████
This correctly states the conclusion: people assume that species from which humans evolved have human-like language, but this assumption doesn’t apply to chimpanzees since humans didn’t evolve from them. Thus, this assumption doesn’t tell us anything about chimpanzees’ language.
c
The communicative systems ██ ███████████ ███ ██████ ████ █████ █████████
The stimulus does not make this claim. The anthropologist argues that chimpanzees do not necessarily have human-like language but doesn’t describe their language or compare it to human language. Since this claim is not made, it cannot be the main conclusion.
d
Human language is █ ██████████ ██ █████ █████████████ █████ ███████████ █████
The stimulus doesn’t make this claim. The anthropologist argues that chimpanzees don’t necessarily have human-like language because humans didn’t evolve from chimpanzees, not because chimpanzees lack human intelligence. As this claim isn’t made, it can’t be the main conclusion.
e
The evolution of █████ ████████ █████ █████ ███ █████████████ ██ ██ ███████ ███████ ████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ███████████ ████████
The stimulus does not make this claim. The anthropologist suggests that human language might have developed after the extinction of a common ancestor but does not assert this as a certainty. Additionally, this idea is part of the argument’s premise, not its main conclusion.