Self-study
Psychologist: Support Identical twins are virtually the same genetically. █████████ █████████ ██ ████ ████████ █████████ █████ █████████ ██ █████ ███ ███████ ██ ██ ██████ █████████ ████████████ ████ █ ██████ ████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ███████ ████████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ████████ █████ ████ ██ ███ ████████████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ███████ ███ ███ ███████ ██ █████████████ ███████████
Summarize Argument: Phenomenon-Hypothesis
The psychologist hypothesizes that many of our inclinations are genetic and are not influenced by environment. He bases this on studies showing that identical twins separated at birth and raised in different environments often report similar ethical beliefs, dress, and careers.
Notable Assumptions
The psychologist assumes that genetics are the cause of the separated twins’ similar inclinations, without considering other factors or experiences that might influence them.
He also assumes that the studies of identical twins raised in different environments are representative of all identical twins, and that these findings can be generalized to support the idea that genetics are primarily responsible for many inclinations.
13.
Which one of the following, ██ █████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ██████████████ █████████
a
Many people, including █████████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██ ████ █████ ██ █████ ██████
(A) doesn’t suggest that one twin changes radically while the other remains the same. It could be that both twins undergo similar changes, which doesn’t weaken the psychologist’s conclusion that our traits are more influenced by genetics than environment.
b
While some studies ██ █████████ █████ █████████ ██ █████ ██████ █ ████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ███████████ ███████ ████ ████ ████ █ ███ ████████████
The psychologist concludes that many, not all, of our inclinations are genetic rather than environmental. The fact that some studies show a few differences in identical twins separated at birth does not weaken this conclusion.
c
Scientists are far ████ █████ ████ ██ ████ ███ ████████ █████ ██ ████████ █████████████
The fact that scientists can’t pinpoint exactly which genes cause certain traits doesn’t weaken the idea that those traits are genetically determined. Thus, (C) doesn’t weaken the psychologist’s conclusion.
d
Identical twins who ████ ██ ████████ ████ ██ ███████ █████████ ████████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ ██ █████████████ ██████████ ████ ████ ██████
This weakens the psychologist’s conclusion by providing evidence that directly contradicts it. If identical twins raised together often have different beliefs, tastes, and careers, these inclinations can’t be solely genetic.
e
Twins who are ███ █████████ ████ ██ ███████ █████████ ████████ ███████ ███ ████████
The psychologist is only drawing a conclusion about identical twins. So the inclinations of twins who are not identical are irrelevant and don’t weaken the psychologist’s argument.