Self-study
Passage A.
P1
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Phenomenon ·
Honeybees can recruit nestmates to food source
How do they do it?
Hypothesis ·
By "dancing"
Note that the passage explicitly says that Aristotle didn't make this connection. He merely noted that honeybees "dance" for their nestmates but did not hypothesize that the "dance" was the means of communication.
Evidence ·
Dance deciphered
von Frisch figured out how to read the dance and was able to locate where food was.
Questions ·
What's the mechanism?
P2
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Hypothesis ·
Wing vibrations
This would explain how bees can communicate in darkness but scientists (mistakenly) thought bees lacked hearing so this hypothesis was not taken seriously.
Hypothesis ·
Smell
P3
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Counter Evidence ·
For smell hypothesis
Bees can send other bees to new locations which shouldn't be possible if ordor was the means of communication.
Evidence ·
For wing vibration hypothesis
Bee robot could effectively simulate dance through sounds
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P4
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Context ·
All animals communicate
Main Point ·
But only some communicate symbolically
Example ·
Vervet monkeys
Experiment demonstrated that they have different alarm calls for snakes versus eagles.
P5
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Example ·
Honeybees
Their dance is symbolically represents distance, direction, and quality of food source.
P6
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Example ·
Bees ignore some communications, suggesting symbolic communication
Experiment revealed that bees ignored dances that communicated information about presence of food in unlikely sources suggesting that communication in bees is symbolic and has a level of interpretation.
Passage Style
8.
The passages have which one ██ ███ █████████ ████ ██ ███████
a
arguing that certain ████████ ███████ ███████ ██████████ ████████████
Passage A doesn’t argue that bees have human-like intelligence, so we can eliminate (A). Passage B doesn’t argue that nonhuman animals have human-like intelligence either.
b
illustrating the sophistication ████ █████ ███████ ████████ ███████████
Passage A is about bees, not primates, so we can eliminate (C).
c
describing certain scientific ███████ █████████ ████ ██████ █████████████
This is true for both passages. Passage A describes studies about how bees communicate. Passage B describes studies of bee and vervet monkey communication.
d
airing a scientific ███████████ ████ ███ ████████ ██ ███ ██████████ █████
Passage A does discuss a scientific question about bee communication, but the question isn’t about the function of bees’ dances. Instead, the
e
analyzing the conditions █ ████████ ██████ ████ ████ ██ █████ ██ ██ ██████████ █ ████████
Passage A doesn’t analyze what a symbolic system must do to be considered a language, so we can eliminate (E).
Passage B does mention symbolic communication, but it doesn’t analyze the conditions that must be met for a symbolic system to be considered a language.