PT144.S1.P3.Q17

PrepTest 144 - Section 1 - Passage 3 - Question 17

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P1

Before contact with Europeans, the Haudenosaune, a group of nations in northeastern North America also known as the Iroquois, had been developing a form of communication, primarily for political purposes, that used wampum, a bead carved from seashell. ███

Intro topic · Wampum was a form of communication among Haudenosaune
Wampum = bead carved from seashell; Haudenosaune = group of Native American nations in North America also called Iroquois
████ ██████████ ████ ████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████████ █ ████ ██ ██████ ███
Traditional perspective · Wampum was primarily form of money
█████ ██████ █████████ ███ ██████ █ ██████ ██ ████████ █████ █████████ ███ ████████████ ██████ ████ ███ ███ ██ ███ ██████████ ███ ██████████████ ███ ████████████ ██ ██████ ███ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ████████ █████ ████ ███ █████████████ ████████ ███ ████ ████████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ████████████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ ███████████ ████ ███████ ████ █████████ ████████████ ████ █ ██████ ███ ███████████ █████████ █████ █████ ████████ ████████ ████ ████ ██████ ████ ██ ██ ████ ██ ██████ ███ ██████ ███ ██████████████ █████████

Author's perspective · Wampum eventually was used as money between Europeans and Native Americans, but it was more important for communication of sociopolitical messages
P2

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Earlier forms of Wampum · Used for communication with deities or simple political messages
Two colors: white and deep purple. Two forms: loose beads or string of beads.
P3

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Haudenosaune Confederacy and influence on Wampum · Formation of confederacy led to deliberate use of Wampum for primarily political purposes
████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ██████ █████ ██ ██████ ███ ██████████ ██ ███ ████████████ █████████████ █████████████ █████ █████ ████████ ██████ ██████ ██ ████ █████ ████ █████ ██ ██████████ ██ █████ ███████ ███ ████████████ ██ ███ ████████ ████████ ███ ████████ ███████████ ████████ ██ ██████████ ████████ ███████ █████ █ ██████████ ██████ ██ ███ ████████████ ███████ ██████ ████████ ██████████ █████ ██ █████████ ████ ███████ ████████ ████ █████ ██████ █████ ██ ██████ █████ ██ ███████████ █████ ███████ █████████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ █████████ ███ ███████ █████ ██ █████████ ███████ ████████ █████ ██████████ ████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ██ ████████████ ███████ ███ ████████████ ██ ███ ███ ██████ ████ ████████ ██████████████ ██ ███ ████████ █████ ███ █████ ██████ ██ ███████ ██████ ███ ████ ████████ █████████ █████ ██ ████████████ █████████ ████████ ███ ██████ ██████ ██████ ███ █ ███████ ████████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████████ █████ ███ ███████ ███ ███ ██ ███ ███████████ ███ ████████ ██ ██████

Wampum belts · Combined string wampum to make icons that communicated messages
Example uses: encoded provisions of Haudenosaune Confederacy's constitution; recorded, stored, and made public record of government business.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
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17.

It can be inferred from ███ ███████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████

a

Even if the █████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██████ █████ ██████ ████ ██████ █ ████ ██ ████████ ███████ ██ ███ ████████████

We have no evidence of what would have happened to the wampum had Europeans not arrived or altered wampum uses.

1%
b

The use of ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████████████ ████████████

Actually, the use of colors to express meaning predated the Confederacy (see P2).

3%
c

The ancient associations ██ ██████ ████ ███████ ████ █████████ ██████████ ███ ███ ███████████ ███ █████ ██████ ███████████████ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ █████ ████████████ ███ █████ ████████

This is the best answer, because the author presents the wampum’s symbolic meanings, which didn’t depend directly on the association of colors with spirits, as a later stage of development in wampum. (For example, certain icons represented nations.) This later stage followed the earlier stage (described in P2), in which wampum colors were associated with spirits. So the associations of colors with spirits were precursors to later wampum representations.

81%
d

Because the associations ████ ███████ ██████ ███████ ████ █████ ███ ████ █████ █████ ████████ █████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████ ███████

We have no evidence that the same color beads ever conveyed two different meanings in belt wampum and string wampum.

10%
e

If the Europeans ███ █████ █████ ███████ ████ ███ ████████████ ███ ████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ████ ██ █ █████ ██ ██████████████ ████ █████ ███ ████ ████ ██████ ██ █ ██████ ██ █████████

We have no evidence that the Europeans would not have used wampum as a currency had they been aware that wampum was used to communicate. Europeans may have used wampum both for currency and communication; we have no reason to think this wouldn’t have happened.

6%

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