Self-study
P1
Before contact with Europeans, the Haudenosaune, a group of nations in northeastern North America also known as the Iroquois, had been developing a form of communication, primarily for political purposes, that used wampum, a bead carved from seashell. ███
Intro topic ·
Wampum was a form of communication among Haudenosaune
Wampum = bead carved from seashell; Haudenosaune = group of Native American nations in North America also called Iroquois
Traditional perspective ·
Wampum was primarily form of money
Author's perspective ·
Wampum eventually was used as money between Europeans and Native Americans, but it was more important for communication of sociopolitical messages
P2
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Earlier forms of Wampum ·
Used for communication with deities or simple political messages
Two colors: white and deep purple. Two forms: loose beads or string of beads.
P3
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Haudenosaune Confederacy and influence on Wampum ·
Formation of confederacy led to deliberate use of Wampum for primarily political purposes
Wampum belts ·
Combined string wampum to make icons that communicated messages
Example uses: encoded provisions of Haudenosaune Confederacy's constitution; recorded, stored, and made public record of government business.
Passage Style
Critique or debate
Spotlight
17.
It can be inferred from ███ ███████ ████ ███ ██████ █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ██████████
a
Even if the █████████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ ██████████ ██████ █████ ██████ ████ ██████ █ ████ ██ ████████ ███████ ██ ███ ████████████
We have no evidence of what would have happened to the wampum had Europeans not arrived or altered wampum uses.
b
The use of ██████ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████ ██ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ████████████ ████████████
Actually, the use of colors to express meaning predated the Confederacy (see P2).
c
The ancient associations ██ ██████ ████ ███████ ████ █████████ ██████████ ███ ███ ███████████ ███ █████ ██████ ███████████████ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ █████ ████████████ ███ █████ ████████
This is the best answer, because the author presents the wampum’s symbolic meanings, which didn’t depend directly on the association of colors with spirits, as a later stage of development in wampum. (For example,
d
Because the associations ████ ███████ ██████ ███████ ████ █████ ███ ████ █████ █████ ████████ █████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███████ ██ ██████ ███████
We have no evidence that the same color beads ever conveyed two different meanings in belt wampum and string wampum.
e
If the Europeans ███ █████ █████ ███████ ████ ███ ████████████ ███ ████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ████ ██ █ █████ ██ ██████████████ ████ █████ ███ ████ ████ ██████ ██ █ ██████ ██ █████████
We have no evidence that the Europeans would not have used wampum as a currency had they been aware that wampum was used to communicate. Europeans may have used wampum both for currency and communication; we have no reason to think this wouldn’t have happened.