Self-study
Passage A.
P1
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Intro topic ·
Function of language
One purpose is to influence others' behavior.
P2
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Contrast ·
Animal vocalizations vs. human language
Animal communication is inadvertent, unlike human language. Animals (except chimps) can't attribute mental states to other animals.
Example ·
Communication by one frog
No evidence that the frog attributes knowledge or desire to other frogs.
Additional contrast ·
Animal vocalizations vs. human language
Primates (besides humans) don't communicate in response to thinking that another primate needs info.
Example ·
Macaques and chimps
No evidence they are more likely to communicate about things when their fellow primates are clearly unaware of those things.
Main point ·
Many animal vocalizations aren't as intentional as they seem
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P3
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Scientists' perspective ·
Animal communication isn't intentional, whereas human language is
This is a recap of Passage A's perspective.
P4
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Scientists' perspective ·
Animals can't lie
Lying requires intention to deceive, and it's widely thought that animals don't have conscious intention.
Example ·
Bee's "waggle-dance"
Bees communicate direction of food sources, but one philosopher thinks this is just a reflex; bees don't intend to communicate anything.
P5
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Author's critique ·
Assumption that animals can't intend things might be wrong
Passage Style
15.
In discussing the philosopher Maritain, ███ ██████ ██ ███████ █ █████ █████████ ██
a
describe an interpretation ██ ██████ █████████████ ████ ███ ██████ ████████ █████ ██ █ ███████ █████
This is the best answer. Author B believes Maritain’s view — which is that the bees’ communication is a conditioned reflex —
b
suggest by illustration ████ █████ ██ █████████ █████████ ██████████ ███ █████████████ █████ ████████ ██ ███████ ███████
This isn’t the purpose, because Author B doesn’t assert that there is conscious intention underlying the bees’ communication. Rather, she believes that people like Maritain have not proven that there is no conscious intention.
c
present an argument ██ ███████ ██ ███ ████ ████ ██████ █████████████ ███████ ███ ███████████ ███ ████████
Author B doesn’t argue that animal communication systems are spontaneous and creative. This is what some other people argue, but it’s not what Author B argues.
d
furnish specific evidence ███████ ███ ██████ ████ ████ ██████ █████████████ ██ ██████ █ ███████████ ██████
Although Author B mentions some studies that might suggest animal communication is more similar to human communication than others might think, that evidence suggests Maritain’s view (and other views similar to it) might be wrong. The author’s mention of Maritain isn’t an attempt to “furnish” evidence against views like Maritain’s.
e
point to a █████ █████████ ██ ██████ █████████████ █████ █████ ███ ██████ ███████ ████ ███████
Author B brings up Maritain for an example of a view that she thinks is flawed. So Author B isn’t bringing up Maritain as a figure whom she respects.